Collaborative Research: The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study: Sustained Biogeochemical, Ecosystem, and Ocean Change Observations and Linkages in the Subtropical North Atlantic.

长期时间序列是研究海洋物理和生物地球化学、其对全球碳循环的影响及其对气候变化的响应的有力工具。特别是，百慕大海洋科学研究所的百慕大大西洋时间序列研究(BATS)计划的研究目标一直是，并将继续是，提高我们对海洋碳循环的随时间变化的组成部分、相关的生物成因元素(例如氮、磷、二氧化硅)的理解，并确定导致这种变化的相关物理、化学和生态系统特性。BATS现有的24年数据对季节和年际变异性、马尾藻海生态系统对自然气候变异性的反应以及对潜在气候变化信号的检测提供了强有力的约束。BATS的数十年观测还提供了亟需的海洋碳循环变化率、二氧化碳汇--北大西洋的二氧化碳来源--以及最长的全球海洋酸化记录。在其二十五年的运作中，BATS的目标是：(1)记录营养循环和生物群落的时间变异性；(2)量化海洋-大气耦合和气候强迫对二氧化碳-海洋交换和向海洋内陆输出碳的作用；(3)研究物理强迫(例如，地表热量、淡水和动量通量)对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用，包括新的生产力和出口生产力；(4)研究气候引起的表层通量变化对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用，以及(5)为开发/验证新的海洋学工具和技术提供依据。这项授予基本输入输出系统和毕格罗海洋科学实验室的续签合同将为BATS计划的持续实施提供资金，直至26-30年。在继续核心目标的同时，研究小组将解决从以前的BATS数据中发展出来的几个新的长期问题。这些问题涉及到：(1)涡旋对冬季混合年际变化的影响；(2)马尾藻表层和深水气候变化信号的检测；(3)海洋酸化对初级生产的影响，新产生的有机碳在溶解和颗粒相之间的分配，沉积碳的再矿化；(4)颗粒和溶解氮磷循环的耦合，控制机制及其与典型Redfield比率的关系；以及(5)碳输出的综合地球化学估计和碳输出的各种观测记录之间的协调。更广泛的影响：BATS计划具有强大而多样的更广泛的影响，通过为经验学家和模型师提供高质量的海洋观测和数据，以及研究人员可以构思和测试假说的框架，为海洋科学领域做出贡献。事实上，许多专注于过程的研究项目(例如，涡流、营养BATS)都是从BATS数据产生的假设中衍生出来的。BATS和这些相关方案继续产生大量被广泛引用的出版物，这些出版物对该领域做出了重要贡献，并增进了我们对海洋的了解。BATS计划的PI一直并将继续致力于本科生和研究生(包括那些直接监督BATS PI的学生和通过辅助计划的其他人)的培训和指导。BIOS的海洋设施使项目团队能够培训学生和技术人员，并以其他机构无法提供的方式与其他研究人员合作。通过动手实验室、巡航和数据合成活动，BATS将继续直接帮助美国国家努力改善对海洋碳循环及其对全球气候的影响的了解

Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating ocean physics and biogeochemistry, its effects on the global carbon cycle, and its response to climate change. In particular, the research goals of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) program at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) have been, and continue to be, improving our understanding of the time-varying components of the ocean carbon cycle, related biogenic elements of interest (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, silica), and identifying the relevant physical, chemical and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The existing 24 years of data from BATS provide robust constraints on seasonal and year-over-year variability, the response of the Sargasso Sea ecosystem to natural climate variability and detection of potential climate change signals. Multi-decadal observations at BATS also provide critically needed rates of change in the ocean carbon cycle, CO2 sinks-sources in the North Atlantic and the longest global record of ocean acidification. Throughout its twenty-five years of operation, the objectives of BATS have been: (1) to document the temporal variability in nutrient cycles and biological communities; (2) to quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate forcing on air-sea exchange of CO2, and carbon export to the ocean interior; (3) to study the role of physical forcing (e.g., surface fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum) on planktonic community structure and function, including new and export productivity; (4) to study the role of climate-induced variability in surface fluxes on planktonic community structure and function, and (5) to provide for development/validation of new oceanographic tools and technologies. This renewal award to BIOS and the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences will provide funding to continue the BATS program through years 26-30. While continuing the core goals, the research team will address several new long-term questions that have developed from the previous BATS data. These questions are related to the: (1) impact of eddies on interannual variability in winter mixing; (2) detection of climate change signals in surface and deep waters of the Sargasso; (3) impact of ocean acidification on primary production, partitioning of freshly produced organic carbon between dissolved and particulate phases and remineralization of sedimenting carbon; (4) coupling of particulate and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, controlling mechanisms and their relationships to the canonical Redfield Ratio, and; (5) reconciliation of integrative geochemical estimates of carbon export and the variety of observational records of carbon export. Broader Impacts: The BATS program has strong and diverse broader impacts, contributing to the field of ocean sciences by providing high quality ocean observations and data for empiricists and modelers, and a framework from which researchers can conceive and test hypotheses. Indeed, a number of focused process-oriented research programs (e.g., EDDIES, TROPHIC BATS) have spun off from hypotheses arising from BATS data. BATS and these related programs continue to generate a large number of well-cited publications that make important contributions to the field and advance our understanding of the oceans. PIs of the BATS program have been and continue to be dedicated to the training and mentorship of both undergraduate and graduate students (including those with direct BATS PIs supervision and others via ancillary programs). The oceanographic facilities at BIOS allow the project team to train students and technicians and to collaborate with other researchers in a manner few other institutions can provide. Through hands-on laboratory, cruise and data synthesis activities, BATS will continue to directly aid the U.S. national effort to improve the understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle and the impact on global climate