Dendroarchaeology of the Gallina

在国家科学基金会的支持下，罗纳德·H·汤纳博士和亚利桑那大学的学生将对新墨西哥州北部的加里纳文化进行为期两个季节的研究。史前的加里纳一直是个谜。在许多方面与其他史前阿纳萨齐人群体相似，加里纳人被定义为一个阶段，后来又被定义为一个独立的文化。已知的是，加里纳生活在一个广泛地区发生社会和环境变化的时代，但关于加里纳的许多问题仍然没有得到回答，部分原因是加里纳的年表还没有完全发展。关于加里纳人口动态、聚落模式、社会组织和适应环境变化的基本问题，根本不能用目前的年表数据充分解决。该项目将为加里纳地区的一个关键部分补救这种情况。它还将有助于我们了解移徙的影响--不是对移徙者或收容社区的影响，而是对沿途社区的影响。该项目将以具体和可实现的方式大大加强对加里纳的了解。首先，研究人员将分析20世纪70年代从加里纳主要遗址挖掘出来的2000多个树轮样本，这些样本从未提交分析。这些样本现在已经被转移到亚利桑那大学的树轮研究实验室(LTRR)，在那里它们将被分析并永久地作为树轮分析的一部分，该团队将开发内部站点年表，这将有助于理解加里纳的社会组织和人口统计；他们还将显著增加基督教日历日期的数量，并将加里纳更牢固地放在时间和空间上。从早期的工作中只有一张区域地图，这是非常不充分的。调查人员将使用现代地理定位系统技术来绘制以前挖掘的遗址的地图，并将它们与20世纪70年代制作的原始野外地图进行关联。制作数字地图将通过在场地、结构和房间级别提供详细的出处信息，显著加强当前和未来的研究工作。现有的降水树轮重建将用于阐明加里纳占领期间降水变化的各个方面，并将这种变化与加里纳的社会和人口变化联系起来。最后，所有以前和新生成的Galina站点的树轮日期将被综合，除敏感站点位置外的所有数据将在LTRR托管的网站上公布。该项目的更广泛影响将超出加里纳。这项研究将对理解西南地区各种形式的社会组织是如何以及在什么条件下发展起来的做出重要贡献。这种社会形成过程的模型将有助于更广泛地理解人口、气候和政治压力时期的人类社会组织。这个项目将在理解加里纳文化动态和社会组织方面取得重大进展；它将阐明加里纳人口动态的重要方面，加强混合经济社会组织的人类学理论，并加深我们对移民对“中间”社区的影响的理解。该项目还将通过雇用参与项目所有阶段的研究生和本科生，为学生的培训和发展做出贡献。它还将展示几十年来被忽视的现有收藏的效用。

With support of the National Science Foundation, Dr. Ronald H. Towner and students from the University of Arizona will conduct two seasons of research on the Gallina culture of northern New Mexico. The prehistoric Gallina have long been an enigma. Similar in many ways to other prehistoric Anasazi groups, the Gallina have been defined as a phase, and later, a separate culture. What is known is that the Gallina lived during a time of social and environmental changes that occurred across a broad area, but many questions about the Gallina remain unanswered in part because the Gallina chronologies have not been fully developed. Basic questions regarding Gallina population dynamics, settlement patterns, social organization, and adaptation to environmental change simply cannot be adequately addressed with the current chronological data. This project will remedy this situation for a key portion of the Gallina area. It will also contribute to our understanding of the effects of migration - not on migrants or host communities - but on communities along-the-path of migration streams.This project will significantly enhance understanding of the Gallina in specific and attainable ways. First, researchers will analyze more than two thousand tree-ring samples excavated from major Gallina sites in the 1970s, that were never submitted for analysis. These samples have now been transferred to the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (LTRR) at the University of Arizona, where they will be analyzed and permanently curated As part of the tree-ring analysis, the team will develop internal site chronologies that will contribute to understanding Gallina social organization and demographics; they will also significantly enlarge the number of Christian-calendar dates and place the Gallina more firmly in time and space. Only one area map exists from earlier work, and it is woefully inadequate. The investigators will use modern Geographic Positioning Systems technology to map the previously excavated sites, and correlate them with the original field maps produced in the 1970s. Producing digital maps will significantly enhance current and future research efforts by providing detailed provenience information at the site, structure, and room level. Existing tree-ring reconstructions of precipitation will be used to elucidate aspects of precipitation variability during the Gallina occupation and relate that variability to Gallina social and demographic change. Finally, all previous and newly generated tree-ring dates from Gallina sites will be synthesized and all of data, except sensitive site locations, will be published on a website hosted by the LTRR. The broader impacts of the project will reach beyond the Gallina. The research will make important contributions toward understanding how and under what conditions various forms of social organization developed in the prehispanic Southwest. Models of such social formation processes will contribute to a broader understanding of human social organization during periods of demographic, climatic, and political stress. This project will result in significant advances in understanding Gallina cultural dynamics and social organization; it will illuminate important aspects of Gallina population dynamics, enhance anthropological theories of mixed-economy social organization, and augment our understanding of the impacts of migration on "intermediate" communities. The project will also contribute toward student training and development by employing both graduate and undergraduate students who will be involved in all phases of the project. It will also demonstrate the utility of existing collections that have been ignored for decades.