Job Loss and Unemployment: Differing Social and Economic Costs

sarah A. damaske宾夕法尼亚州立大学，University Park，在学术研究中几乎完全没有关于失业经历的性别差异的研究，但2007-2009年的大衰退提出了关于男性和女性失业经历差异的问题。大衰退被媒体普遍称为“男性衰退”，因为一开始，男性的失业人数是女性的两倍。尽管男性失去的工作比女性多，但在经济衰退“结束”后，女性经历了更大的失业，而且最初恢复工作的速度比男性慢。此外，在大衰退之后，女性比男性面临更大的物质困难。这项研究的目的是确定失业及其影响在不同性别之间的经历是否不同，如果是，如何。本研究的主要数据将来自100个定性访谈。将对在2007-2014年间失去全职工作的100名男性和女性（各50人）进行定性访谈。该项目将确定年龄在28至55岁之间（通常被称为“X一代”）的已婚或有伴侣的男性和女性，并与18岁以下的孩子生活在一起。这些定性访谈将允许深入调查失业对男性的影响。男人和女人？美国的工作路径，他们对劳动力的看法，他们的劳动力依恋，以及他们对家务劳动的态度和信念。该项目将解决三个主要的相互关联的研究问题：1。失业后，结构性工作障碍对男性和女性求职及其求职成功的影响是否存在差异？着眼于“需求方”，即雇用组织的需要的就业理论指出，妇女和男子有可能从事不同类型的工作，男女之间持续的工资差距阻碍了妇女的有偿就业。这些因素可能影响失业。2. 失业后，劳动力依恋水平和对工作-家庭责任的性别态度对男性和女性开始找工作的可能性有不同的影响吗？就业的“供给侧”理论，即以雇员为中心的解释，指出劳动力依附和工作-家庭责任的差异来解释男女有偿就业的差异。这些因素也可能影响失业。3. 失业经历是否因性别、阶级和种族而异？交叉理论认为，种族、阶级和性别相互交叉，形成了就业经历，这表明失业也会因性别、阶级和种族而异。该项目将调查所有这些因素是否以及如何影响男性和女性的失业和失业经历。此外，虽然解释就业性别差异的理论可能适用于失业经历，但失业是一种不稳定的经历，它可能会独特地破坏一个人与劳动力市场的互动，改变工作的意义和动机，因此，对这一过程的详细研究是必要的。失业和失业仍然是美国最紧迫的问题之一：失业率居高不下，超过400万美国人失业6个月或更长时间（美国劳工统计局2013年）。该项目在目前的失业和失业研究中加入了性别因素——这是一个重要的补充，因为女性的失业率与男性大致相同，但对女性的研究却远远不够。通过研究男性和女性进入和退出劳动力市场的过程，该项目将区分更成功的途径和导致持续失业或退出劳动力市场的途径。这将产生更有针对性的政策建议，以改善21世纪后工业经济中男性和女性的生活机会。

SES-1357264Sarah A. DamaskePennsylvania State University, University Park Studies of gender differences in experiences of job loss are almost entirely absent in academic research, but the Great Recession of 2007-2009 raised questions about differences in men's and women's job loss experiences. The Great Recession was popularly dubbed a "man-cession" by media outlets, because, initially, men's job losses were twice as large as women's. Although men lost more jobs than women did, women experienced greater job loss after the "conclusion" of the recession and, at first, recovered jobs at a slower rate than men. Moreover, women reported greater material hardship than men in the wake of the Great Recession. The aim of this study is to determine whether job loss and its effects are experienced differently across gender, and, if so, how. The primary data for this study will come from 100 qualitative interviews. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with 100 men and women (50 each) who experienced the loss of a full-time job between the years 2007-2014. The project will identify men and women who are married or partnered, between the ages of 28 to 55 (those often termed "Generation X"), and live with a child under the age of 18. These qualitative interviews will allow for an in-depth investigation of how job loss affects men?s and women?s work pathways, their perceptions of the workforce, their labor force attachment, and their attitudes and beliefs about their household labor. This project will address three main interrelated research questions: 1. After job loss, do structural barriers to work differentially influence men's and women's job search and their job search success? Theories of employment that look at the "demand side", i.e. the needs of hiring organizations, point to women's and men's likelihood to occupy different types of jobs and the continued wage gap between women and men as deterrents to women's paid employment. These factors may influence unemployment. 2. After job loss, do labor force attachment levels and gender attitudes about work-family responsibilities differentially influence men's and women's likelihood to start a job search? "Supply side" theories of employment, i.e. explanations focused on the employees, point to differences in labor force attachment and work-family responsibilities to explain differences in women's and men's paid employment. These factors may also influence unemployment. 3. Do experiences of job loss differ across gender, class and race? Intersectional theories contend that race, class, and gender intersect to shape experiences of employment, suggesting that unemployment will also vary across gender, class and race. This project will investigate if and how all of these factors shape men's and women's experiences of job loss and unemployment. Moreover, while theories explaining gender differences in employment may hold true to unemployment experiences, unemployment is a volatile experience that may uniquely disrupt a person's interaction with the labor market and change the meaning of and motivation for work, thus, a detailed study of this process is necessary.Job loss and unemployment continue to be one of the most pressing issues in the United States: unemployment remains high and more than 4 million Americans have been out of work for six months or longer (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013). The project adds gender to current research of job loss and unemployment--an important addition given that women experience unemployment at roughly the same rates as men yet are vastly understudied. By examining the processes through which men and women move into and out of the labor market, this project will differentiate routes that are more successful from those that lead to continued unemployment or to dropping out of the workforce. This will lead to policy suggestions that can be more closely tailored to improve men's and women's life chances in 21st century post-industrial economies.