After patient murder. Structure and daily asylum life of former extermination centres in the four occupation zones 1945-1955

由于纳粹对精神病患者的谋杀，德国在机构精神病学的历史上占据了一个独特的消极意义上的位置。国家社会主义精神病学政策的低谷体现在那些病人被系统地谋杀的精神病院和疗养院。虽然在过去的30年里，人们对安乐死罪行进行了深入的研究，但对战后精神病院的历史却知之甚少。因此，在选定的四个前灭绝中心的基础上，调查了为解决国家社会主义的后果所作的努力以及战后时期机构精神病学的内部和外部重新定位。这项研究的出发点是盟军对幸存的监狱囚犯的解放和随后的照顾。从四个占领区各选择一个精神病院。由于在国家社会主义安乐死的第二阶段，病人因饥饿或药物过量而死亡，它们的受害者人数相似，因此它们具有可比性：美国区的Hadamar灭绝中心，英国区的Wehnen的Oldenburg机构，法国区的klingenmnster的Palatine收容所和苏联占领区的Großschweidnitz的Saxon收容所。为了进行比较，将着重讨论四个占领国的做法的异同。因此，该项目考察了纳粹政权解体后的中断和/或连续性。还将调查德意志联邦共和国和德意志民主共和国的成立对四个示范机构的影响。这项研究涵盖到1955年为止的时期，当时四个区的占领地位正式结束。由于该项目的时间框架、比较方法以及对机构和患者历史的关注，该项目将对理解第二次世界大战后尚未被研究的精神病学历史做出重大贡献。

Due to the murder of the psychiatric patients by the Nazis, Germany occupies a unique place in a negative sense within the history of institutional psychiatry. The low point of National Socialist psychiatric policies is epitomised by those asylums and nursing homes in which the sick were systematically murdered. While the euthanasia crimes have been intensively researched in the last 30 years, little is known about the history of psychiatric hospitals immediately after the war. Efforts to come to terms with the consequences of National Socialism as well as the internal and external reorientation of institutional psychiatry in the post-war era are therefore investigated on the basis of four selected former extermination centres. The starting point of the study is the liberation and subsequent care of the surviving institution inmates by allied troops. One psychiatric asylum was chosen from each of the four occupation zones. They are comparable due to their similarly high numbers of victims during the second phase of National Socialist euthanasia, when patients died by starvation or by overdosed medication: Hadamar Extermination Centre for the American zone, the Oldenburg institution at Wehnen for the British zone, the Palatine asylum at Klingenmünster for the French zone and the Saxon asylum at Großschweidnitz for the Soviet occupation zone. Differences and similarities in the approaches of the four occupying powers are to be focussed on for the purpose of comparison. The project thus examines breaks and/or continuities after the dissolution of the Nazi regime. The effects of the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the four example institutions will also be investigated. The study covers the period up to the year 1955, when the occupation status of the four zones formally ended. The project will make a significant contribution to the understanding of the as yet barely researched history of psychiatry immediately following the Second World War due to its time frame, its comparative approach and its focus on institutional and patient history.