Communicating appraisals and social motives (CASM): Interpersonal effects of regulated and unregulated emotion expression

所有人都有第一手的知识，知道情感表达在我们面对面交流中的重要性。我们信任他人的部分基础是他们表达的情感，反过来，这些表达可以帮助我们协调不同人的行动和意图。然而，我们也知道表情是可以被操纵的--人们可以掩盖或塑造他们的情绪表达，以掩盖或掩盖他们的动机，或者保护他们社会伴侣的感受。正如我们意识到情感表达的重要性一样，我们也知道它们是可以被操纵的。这种意识意味着我们经常拒绝从表面上理解表情。这种拒绝是一把双刃剑--它可以保护我们免受剥削，但也会破坏交流的有效性，特别是当错误地将真实的表达误判为不真实的表达时。这个项目扩展了先前关于情绪信号的研究，考察了具有情绪调节潜力的社会情景。具体地说，研究人员认为：a)情绪表达传达了有关发送者动机的信息；b)发送者对这些交流效果很敏感，并对其情绪表达进行调节，以塑造其对接收者的影响(例如，传达同理心或施加社会影响)；c)接收者意识到这些信号可能是受管制的或不真实的，在对感知的表达做出回应时可能会考虑这一点。因此，这个项目的中心目标是调查情绪表达如何影响他人对指导行为的动机的感知，以及情绪表达的实际和感知调节如何调节这些影响。这些问题将通过自然主义情景(例如，医生-患者访谈)和实验游戏(例如，囚犯困境)来探索，在这些游戏中，可以操纵不同互动个人或群体的各自角色，可以形成情绪调节的激励，可以选择性地控制沟通模式。这些问题将从跨学科的角度出发，将社会心理学的传统实验方法与计算机科学的建模和模拟方法结合起来。

All people have first-hand knowledge of the importance of emotional expressions in our face-to-face encounters with each other. We trust others partly on the basis of their expressed emotions and in turn, those expressions can help to us to coordinate with different people's actions and intentions. Yet we also know that expressions can be manipulated--people can mask or shape their emotion presentations in order to conceal or disguise their motives, or to protect the feelings of their social partners. Just as we are aware of the importance of emotional expressions we also know they can be manipulated. This awareness means we often refuse to take expressions at face value. This refusal is a double-edged sword--it can protect us from exploitation but can also undermine the effectiveness of communication, especially when misjudge authentic expressions as inauthentic. This project extends prior research on emotional signaling by examining social situations with the potential for emotion regulation. Specifically, the investigators believe that: a) emotion expressions communicate information about the sender's motives; b) senders are sensitive to these communicative effects and regulate their emotion expressions in order to shape their impact on receivers (e.g., to communicate empathy or exert social influence); and c) receivers are aware that these signals may be regulated or inauthentic, and may factor this in when responding to perceived expressions. Thus, the central aim of this project is to investigate how the expression of emotion affects other people's perceptions of the motives guiding behavior, and how the actual and perceived regulation of emotion expression moderates these effects. These questions will be explored through a mixture of naturalistic situations (e.g., doctor-patient interviews) and experimental games (e.g., prisoner's dilemma) in which the respective roles of different interacting individuals or groups can be manipulated, incentives for emotion-regulation can be shaped, and modes of communication may be selectively controlled. These questions will be approached from an interdisciplinary perspective, combining traditional experimental methods in social psychology with modelling and simulation approaches in computer science.