Collaborative Research: Impacts of Energy Extraction and Coal-Fired Power Plants on Disinfection By-Product Formation in Water

1438625Richardson, Susan D.1438326VanBriesen, jeanne .合作研究：能源开采和燃煤电厂对水中消毒副产物形成的影响。越来越多的能源开采活动，包括页岩气开采和常规油气开采，导致溴化物（以及潜在的碘化物）大量释放到美国地表水中。燃煤电厂安装的新的污染控制装置也导致溴化物离子的大量释放。这些活动给人类和生态健康带来了新的问题，因为当这些高溴化物/碘化物水被氯化（水处理中使用的一种消毒过程）时，可能会形成剧毒的消毒副产物，其中一些可能对人类健康产生不利影响。拟议的跨学科研究将全面表征和量化受能源开采和燃煤电厂排放影响的源水中形成的溴化和碘化消毒副产物，确定潜在的人类和生态健康风险，并使用建模来建立和量化受影响源水与人类暴露之间的联系，并估计将使人类风险最小化的溴化物和碘化物的最大负荷。众所周知，高水平的溴化物和碘化物可导致氯化饮用水中溴化和碘化dbp的形成，但即使是氯与溴、碘化物和天然有机物（NOM）反应形成的“传统”消毒副产物也没有得到充分表征，因此，50%的卤化消毒副产物仍然未知。当考虑到能源提取/利用过程中通常未知的其他化学品（特别是水力压裂）的可能性时，情况就更加复杂了。消毒副产物前体不再仅仅来自天然有机物和生活废水中的低水平污染物，而是现在有来自这些新能源提取/利用释放的额外前体，这些前体在很大程度上未被表征。这已经导致人类和水生生物的暴露有很大不同。了解这些溴化和碘化消毒副产物的形成及其对人类和生态的潜在风险，最终可为控制溴化物和碘化物释放以及何种水平被认为是安全的决策提供信息。

1438625Richardson, Susan D.1438326VanBriesen, JeanneCollaborative Research: Impacts of Energy Extraction and Coal-Fired Power Plants on Disinfection By-product Formation in WaterIncreased energy extraction activities, including shale gas extraction and conventional oil and gas extraction, are resulting in high releases of bromide (and potentially iodide) to U.S. surface waters. New pollution controls being installed at coal-fired power plants are also resulting in high releases of bromide ion. These activities are presenting new issues for human and ecological health because when these high-bromide/iodide waters are chlorinated (a disinfection processes used in water treatment), they can result in the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products, several of which may have adverse human health effects. The proposed interdisciplinary research would comprehensively characterize and quantify brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products formed in source waters impacted by energy extraction and coal-fired power plant releases, determine potential human and ecological health risks, and use modeling to establish and quantify the linkage between impacted source waters and human exposures, and estimate maximum loadings of bromide and iodide that will minimize human risks. While it is known that high levels of bromide and iodide can contribute to the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs in chlorinated drinking water, even "conventional" disinfection by-products formed by reaction of chlorine with bromide, iodide, and natural organic matter (NOM) are not fully characterized, such that 50 % of the halogenated disinfection by-products remains unknown. This situation is even more complex when considering the possibility of additional chemicals used in energy extraction/utilization processes that are often unknown (particularly for hydraulic fracturing). No longer are the disinfection by-product precursors only from natural organic matter, and low levels of contaminants in domestic wastewater, but there are now additional precursors from these new energy extraction/utilization releases, which are largely uncharacterized. This is already resulting in significantly different exposures to both humans and aquatic organisms. Understanding the formation of these brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products and their potential human and ecological risks could ultimately inform decisions regarding control of bromide and iodide releases and what levels would be deemed safe.