CAREER: Experimental Investigation For the Characterization of the Geophysical Response of Rock-Fluid Interactions

这是我们国家必须从战略和全球角度思考如何利用地球资源的时刻。一项重要的任务是预测这种使用将导致的变化，这样我们就可以在作为一个社区蓬勃发展的同时明智地采取行动。据信，整个地壳中流体的机械和化学相互作用驱动了许多地质和人为过程，其后果引起了重大的社会关注，从污染地下水和地表水到引发地震活动和变形。利用地震方法进行时移监测是识别此类地面物性变化的有效方法。然而，由于缺乏基本的实验室数据，这些数据的定量解释对于预测由热、化学和机械过程的复杂、动态相互作用引起的变化是不可靠的。目前孔隙流体变化的地震响应模型基于纯力学方法，不足以预测物理和化学耦合变化的影响。这是一个具有挑战性的问题，因为它的复杂性和多学科的性质。为了动态地跟踪岩石和流体的变化，以及它们如何相互反馈，实验的构思方式需要发生重大转变。为了取得成功，学生们还需要接受跨学科的培训，以及实验室仪器的设计和操作——这项任务本身就是一项使命。实验调查是科学探究不可或缺的组成部分，必须在当代和未来几代科学家做出决定的方式中发挥核心作用。因此，这个项目的目标是双重的。它将模拟地球条件和化学机械过程的创新实验与ct扫描岩石的3D打印模型的测量和计算相结合，从而利用研究。该项目还旨在通过创建一个在线实验室来扩大教育机会，该实验室可以促进学习实验技术的过程，并使其内容适应高科技学生的生活方式。虚拟实验室通过交互式的三维动画渲染，再现了斯坦福大学PI研究实验室的形式和功能，学生可以虚拟地组装和操作地球物理实验室中使用的仪器。目标是建立必要的基础设施，使学生更容易理解实验室系统的双重功能：了解这些系统做什么以及它们是如何工作的，并在未来的研究工作中实际使用它们。该项目将为课堂和研究中的一系列新技术和网络能力提供肥沃的土壤，并有助于将实验室工作的复杂性转化为灵活性、参与性，并为任何人提供更多的学习机会。总体目标是使在缺乏研究实验室的地球科学设施中教授入门实验课程成为可能，并提高早期或没有经验的学生对专业实践的认识，以便他们能够开始工作并有效地应对成为未来地球科学家的挑战。无论目标是流体处理或储存，储层的热和化学刺激，还是地热和地震带的修复或减弱过程，实时地球物理监测都是一种快速控制深度过程并将数据观测转化为决策的方法。提出的研究旨在提高我们对如何使用远程地球物理监测方法来破译由于流体运动和岩石-流体相互作用而导致的地壳变化的基本理解。目前，由于缺乏基本的实验室数据，对4-D地震数据的定量解释还不能成功地预测热化学力学过程下动态系统的行为。传统的实验室实验以及孔隙流体变化的地震特征模型源于纯粹的力学方法，这不足以预测反应性输移流体对岩石骨架微观结构特性的影响——当流体发生反应并流过变形的孔隙空间时，岩石的孔隙空间会发生化学机械变形。该方法的创新之处在于通过基础科学实验和多尺度成像，将岩石的弹性特性与变形和反应输运流动相结合。拟议的研究将使用实验室实验和延时、多尺度成像来跟踪岩石在化学-力学过程中的地球化学（流体化学和流动、质量平衡、pH）和物理参数（运输和弹性特性、压力积累、溶解驱动应变）。这项研究将通过(a)连续和同时测量化学和物理量，在时域上真正结合因果关系，(b)用延时、多尺度成像技术补充实验测量，将地球物理观测趋势与岩石中发生的空间变化联系起来，从而提高我们的知识。该项目的教育部分利用当前的PI项目，通过交互式3d动画渲染为地球物理界创建一个虚拟实验室。用实际岩石模型的3D打印来补充耗时的高压/高温实验和延时成像，是一种向创新工具开放研究的方式，并且可能通过国内和国外高科技学生的技能提供新的学习视角。

This is a time when our nation must think strategically, and globally, about how to use the resources of our planet. An important task is to predict the changes that this use will cause, so we can act wisely while flourishing as a community. The mechanical and chemical interactions of fluids throughout the earth's crust are believed to drive many geological and anthropogenic processes, the ramifications of which raise major societal concerns, from contaminating ground and surface water to triggering seismic activity and deformation. Time-lapse monitoring with seismic methods is an effective approach to recognize such variations in physical properties in the ground. However, quantitative interpretation of such data is not reliable for predicting changes that result from complex, dynamic interactions of thermal, chemical, and mechanical processes due to lack of fundamental laboratory data. Current models for the seismic response to pore fluid changes stem from a purely mechanical approach, which is inadequate for predicting the effects of coupled physical and chemical alterations. This is a challenging problem, because of its complexity and multi-disciplinary nature. A major shift is required in the way experiments are conceived so to dynamically track changes both in the rock and the fluid, and how they feedback upon each other. To succeed students also need to be trained across multi-disciplines as well as the design and operation of laboratory instruments-this task can be a mission by itself. Experimental investigation is an indispensable element of scientific inquiry and must play a central role in the way current and future generations of scientist make decisions. The objective of this project is thus twofold. It leverages research by integrating innovative experiments that simulate earth conditions and chemo-mechanical processes with a combination of measurements and computations on 3D printed models of CT-scanned rocks. The project also aims to broaden education opportunities through the creation of an online laboratory that can facilitate the process of learning experimental techniques and adapt its content to the high-tech student's lifestyle. The virtual laboratory reproduces in form and function the PI research laboratory at Stanford University through interactive, 3-D animated renderings of instruments used in a geophysics laboratory that students can virtually assemble and operate. The objective is to build the necessary infrastructure allowing students to appreciate more easily the dual functions of laboratory systems: learning what these systems do and how they work, and actually using them for future research endeavors. The project will provide fertile ground for a series of new technologies and cyber capabilities both in classes and research and help turn the complexity of laboratory work into dexterity, engagement, and expanded learning opportunities to anyone, anywhere. The overall goal is to make it possible to teach introductory laboratory classes in geoscience facilities lacking research laboratories and raise awareness of professional practices among early-stage or inexperienced students so that they can hit the ground running and efficiently take on the challenge of becoming future geoscientists.Whether the goal is fluid disposal or storage, the thermal and chemical stimulation of reservoirs, or healing or weakening processes across geothermal and seismogenic areas, real-time geophysical monitoring is emerging as a way to rapidly control processes at depth and turn data observations into decisions. The proposed research aims to improve our fundamental understanding of how to decipher changes in the earth's crust due to fluid movement and rock-fluid interactions using remote geophysical monitoring methods. Currently, quantitative interpretation of 4-D seismic data is not successful for predicting the behavior of dynamic systems underlying thermo-chemo-mechanical processes, because we lack fundamental laboratory data. Conventional laboratory experiments as well as models for seismic signatures of pore fluid changes stem from a purely mechanical approach, which is inadequate for predicting the effects of reactive transport fluids on the microstructural properties of the rock skeleton-the pore space of the rock deforms chemo-mechanically while the fluid reacts and flows through a deforming pore space. The innovative aspect of this proposal is to interlace the rock elastic properties with deformation and reactive transport flow through basic-science experimentation and multi-scale imaging. The proposed research will use laboratory experiments and time-lapse, multi-scale imaging to track both geochemical (fluid chemistry and flow, mass balance, pH) and physical parameters (transport and elastic properties, pressure buildup, dissolution-driven strain) in rocks during chemo-mechanical processes. This research will advance our knowledge by (a) measuring chemical and physical quantities continuously and simultaneously to truly couple cause and effect in the time domain and (b) complementing the experimental measurements with time-lapse, multi-scale imaging techniques to correlate the trends in the geophysical observables with the spatial changes occurring in the rock. The education component of the project leverages a current PI project to create a virtual laboratory through interactive, 3-D animated renderings of rock-physics instruments for the geophysics community. Complementing time-consuming high-pressure/high-temperature experiments and time-lapse imaging with the 3D printing of actual rock models is a way to open research to innovative tools, and possibly, to new learning perspectives through the skills of the high-tech students of this nation and abroad.