Identifying Genomic Signatures of Evolutionary and Cultural Change in Native Americans

这个项目调查了在过去的1000年里，印第安人的基因多样性是如何随着时间和空间的变化而变化的，以应对社会文化和人口的变化。在此期间，美国大陆的印第安人受到不断扩大的贸易网络、对农业的日益依赖、越来越多的永久定居点和人口增长的影响。公元1492年之后，与欧洲人的接触导致了重大的文化变化，也导致了疾病的流行、人口结构的崩溃、人口结构的重组，以及与新部落和非土著民族的基因交流。这些发展有很好的文献记载，但不知道它们是如何影响美洲土著人口的基因构成的。通过描述遗传多样性，该项目将有助于阐明北美原住民的遗传结构和进化历史，提高我们对社会文化、人口统计学和进化变化如何影响人类基因组的理解，并填补对美国大陆土著居民全基因组数据的关键需求，这些数据在科学研究和公共遗传数据库中代表性不足。该项目为本科生、研究生、博士后研究员和K-12公立学校科学教师提供研究经验和培训。教育模块也正在为高中和大学科学课程以及美国原住民基因组学暑期实习（SING）开发。因此，该项目促进了科学知识的发展，扩大了代表性不足的群体对科学的参与，改善了科学教育，并增加了公众对科学的参与。具体来说，该项目正在利用来自该地区的现有数据集和从俄亥俄河流域的三个埋葬种群收集的新遗传数据来评估美国中西部遗传多样性的时空格局。研究的三个主要目标是：(1)表征俄亥俄河流域的基因组时空多样性特征；(2)利用俄亥俄河流域和伊利诺伊河谷的时空多样性样本重建美国中西部母系种群历史；(3)评估公元1000年至1700年之间的社会文化和进化变化是否改变了俄亥俄河流域古代种群的基因组结构。为了实现这些目标，基因组数据将使用新开发的靶标捕获和下一代测序技术来收集。一组广泛的基因组标记（全基因组snp、线粒体DNA序列和23个Y染色体STRs）将被分析，这将使测试关于公元1000年后迁移、遗传漂变和选择如何改变美洲原住民遗传结构的假设成为可能。来自北美东部其他七个地点的线粒体数据将被分析，以开发区域相互作用的模型。

This project investigates how Native American genetic diversity changed over time and across space in response to sociocultural and demographic shifts over the last 1000 years. During this period, Native American populations in the continental US were affected by expanding trade networks, a growing reliance on agriculture, increasingly permanent settlements, and population growth. After AD 1492, European contact led to significant cultural changes as well as disease epidemics, demographic collapse, population restructuring, and genetic exchange with new tribes and non-native peoples. These developments are well documented, but it is not known how they influenced the genetic makeup of Native American populations. By characterizing genetic diversity, this project will help elucidate the genetic structure and evolutionary history of Native North Americans, improve our understanding of how sociocultural, demographic, and evolutionary change influences the human genome, and fill a critical need for genome-wide data from the indigenous inhabitants of the continental US, who have been underrepresented in scientific research and public genetic databases. The project provides research experience and training for undergraduates, graduate students, a postdoctoral researcher, and a K-12 public school science teacher. Educational modules are also being developed for high school and college science courses and for the Summer Internship for Native Americans in Genomics (SING). This project therefore advances scientific knowledge, expands the participation of underrepresented groups in science, improves science education, and increases public engagement with science.Specifically, this project is evaluating temporal and spatial patterns of genetic diversity in the Midwestern US using existing datasets from the region and new genetic data being collected from three burial populations in the Ohio River Basin. The three major goals are: (1) characterize genomic diversity across time and space in the Ohio River Basin, (2) reconstruct the maternal population history of the Midwestern US using spatially and temporally diverse samples from the Ohio River Basin and the Illinois River Valley, and (3) evaluate whether sociocultural and evolutionary changes between 1000 and 1700 AD altered the genomic structure of an ancient population in the Ohio River Basin. To achieve these goals, genomic data will be collected using newly developed target capture and next-generation sequencing technologies. An extensive set of genomic markers (genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial DNA sequences, and 23 Y chromosome STRs) will be analyzed, which will make it possible to test hypotheses about how post-1000 AD migration, genetic drift, and selection altered the genetic structure of Native Americans. Mitochondrial data from seven other eastern North American sites will be analyzed to develop models of regional interaction.