Creating a lexical database for Tututni, Coquille and Galice, three Native American languages of Oregon

就像生物学家有研究物种之间关系的方法一样，语言学家也有确定语言之间关系的方法。语言学家通过在不同的维度上比较一组语言来做到这一点，比如单词或语言结构可能有一个共同的起源。语言文献在学者重建语言之间的家族关系中起着关键作用，但当文献以“模拟”形式存在于档案中时，如手写的实地笔记或磁带录音，这就给重建家族关系带来了挑战。本项目将重点关注三种文献记录不足的语言，这些语言的档案材料在语言学文献中很少受到关注。研究组将把资料数字化后，建立3种语言的数据库，进行处理和分析。这个研究基础设施将创建对材料的数字化访问，并将创建一个语言科学和学习者使用的词典。图图尼语、科奎尔语和加利斯语是这个项目的重点，它们是俄勒冈海岸三种严重濒危的美洲原住民语言。更广泛的影响包括向土著社区和学术界传播词汇，以及三位崭露头角的土著社会科学家的教育和培训，扩大了未被充分代表的群体对语言学的参与。美国国会于1990年通过了《美洲原住民语言法案》，将承认美洲原住民语言的独特地位和重要性制定为政策。阿萨巴斯坎语系包括许多语言，地理分布广泛，从阿拉斯加、加拿大的育空地区和西北地区，到西南地区，包括亚利桑那州、德克萨斯州和俄克拉何马州。俄勒冈州西南部的阿萨巴斯坎语社区在19世纪50年代至60年代被强制迁移到保留地，20世纪50年代部落的终止和寄宿学校的语言政策之后，变得非常分散。然而，Tututni， Coquille和Galice有大量的文献，其中大部分既不容易获取也不容易进行语言分析，这是对阿萨巴斯坎语的一个重要分支的科学理解的空白。通过数字化和数据库化这些档案文件，该项目将增加对阿萨巴斯坎家族关系的语言理解。方法包括动词的语言分析，这在这个语系中是出了名的复杂，以及对遗留录音的转录。这些在19世纪80年代到80年代之间收集的材料将被分析并合成成一个单一的数据库。科学假设可以通过大量的研究来检验，以产生新的发现和解释阿萨巴斯坎语言及其家庭关系，特别是那些太平洋沿岸分支。结果还将促进俄勒冈州阿萨巴斯坎社区的语言使用，并促进不同群体的教育，因为这些土著公民科学家参与了包括语言和文化振兴在内的一系列倡议的词汇和传播资源。

Just like biologists have methods to investigate the relationships between species, linguists have methods that allow them to determine the relationships between languages. Linguists do this by comparing a set of languages along various dimensions, such as words or language structures that may have a common origin. Documentation of a language plays a key role in how scholars reconstruct the family relationships between languages, but when the documentation exists in archives, in "analog" forms, like handwritten field notes or cassette recordings, this creates challenges in doing reconstruction of family relationships. This project will address this challenge focusing on three underdocumented languages, whose archival materials have received little attention in the linguistic literature. The research team will digitize materials, and then process and analyze them by creating a database of the three languages. This research infrastructure will create digital access to the materials and will create a lexicon of use to both linguistic science and to learners. Tututni, Coquille and Galice, the focus of this project, are three severely endangered Native American languages of the Oregon Coast. Broader impacts include the dissemination of the lexicon to Native communities and the scholarly community, and the education and training of three budding Native social scientists, broadening participation in the linguistics by underrepresented groups. The Native American Languages Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1990, enacted into policy the recognition of the unique status and importance of Native American languages. The Athabaskan language family includes many languages and has an expansive geographic distribution, ranging from Alaska and the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada and to the southwest including Arizona, Texas and Oklahoma. Southwest Oregon Athabaskan language communities were extremely fragmented following the forced relocation of members to reservations during the 1850s-60s, termination of tribes in the 1950s and boarding school language policies. However, Tututni, Coquille and Galice have extensive documentation, most of which neither easily accessible nor linguistically analyzed, a gap in the scientific understanding of an important branch of Athabaskan languages. By digitizing and databasing this archival documentation, this project will increase the linguistic understanding of relationships in the Athabaskan family. Methods include the linguistic analysis of verbs, notoriously complex in this language family, and transcription of legacy recordings. These materials, collected between the 1880s and 1980s, will be analyzed and synthesized into a single database. Scientific hypotheses can be tested against the large bodies of research to yield new discoveries and explanations for Athabaskan languages and their family relationships, especially those of the Pacific Coast branch. Results will also promote language use in Oregon Athabaskan communities and advance education of diverse groups, as these Native citizen scientists engage with the lexicon and the disseminated resources in a host of initiatives, including language and cultural revitalization.