Understanding the Determinants of Concentration of Poverty: The Spatial Dynamics of Urban and Suburban Housing Development

该研究项目将审查贫困集中的决定因素-穷人在高度贫困社区中被孤立的程度-重点是影响大都市增长和发展的公共政策的作用。 研究人员将使用美国大都市区的纵向数据库来分析收入分配变化与家庭空间组织变化的作用，这些变化是由种族，民族和收入组成的大都市区的城市和郊区。 该项目将提供新的见解，说明贫困集中在多大程度上是住房总量、特别是新住房建设的隔离模式的一个函数，并将加强了解地方对发展决定的控制和限制性土地使用政策在形成造成和维持贫困集中和种族和阶级隔离的住房景观方面所起的作用。 该项目将检验这样一种假设，即贫困的集中是比通常认为的更大的结构力量、政治决定和体制安排的产物。 这项研究将提供事实和经验的基础，以确定什么样的变化，需要在大都市的发展政策和做法，如果国家是减少集中的穷人在高贫困社区，它将有助于更广泛的讨论有关的关键当代问题的隔离，集中的贫困，社会流动性，和不平等。尤其是对于贫穷的非洲裔美国人和西班牙裔美国人来说，是由财富和贫困的空间组织形成的。 最近的研究表明，邻里贫困与社会和经济成果之间存在明显的联系。 不幸的是，自2000年以来，生活在高度贫困的贫民区、贫民区和贫民窟的人数几乎翻了一番，从720万增加到1400多万。 这些增长在2007年经济衰退开始之前就已经开始了，因此它们反映了贫困空间组织的变化以及金融危机的影响。 调查人员将研究住房开发模式在多大程度上推动了贫困的集中，这些住房开发模式按类型（单户与多户）、保有权（业主自住与出租）、住房年龄（中位数年建成）和住房单元特征将大都市住房隔离开来。 他们将通过评估土地使用法规所施加的限制，确定大都市地区之间和内部的不同住房模式，因为大都市地区内高度分散的地方管辖区所施加的密度分区、材料限制、后退要求和其他措施限制了市场结果，并将住房建设引向更大规模的地方同质化和经济隔离。 调查人员将使用一个多层次的纵向小组的社区，政治管辖区（即，从1970年起，对城市和郊区）以及大都市地区的贫困状况进行了研究，以便将集中的贫困分解为空间和非空间组成部分，并从经验上衡量空间组成部分与大都市发展的速度和排他性之间的关系。

This research project will examine the determinants of concentration of poverty -- the extent to which the poor are isolated in high-poverty neighborhoods -- with emphasis on the role of public policies that shape metropolitan growth and development. The investigators will use a longitudinal database of U.S. metropolitan areas to analyze the role of changes in the income distribution vs. changes in the spatial organization of households by race, ethnicity, and income across the cities and suburbs that make up metropolitan areas. The project will provide new insights regarding the extent to which concentration of poverty is a function of the segregated pattern of the housing stock, especially new housing construction, and it will enhance understanding of the contribution of local control of development decisions and restrictive land-use policies in establishing a landscape of housing that creates and maintains concentration of poverty and segregation by race and class. The project will test the hypothesis that concentration of poverty is the product of larger structural forces, political decisions, and institutional arrangements than usually are considered. This research will provide the factual and empirical basis to determine what changes are needed in metropolitan development policies and practices if the nation is to reduce the concentration of the poor in high-poverty neighborhoods, and it will contribute to wider discussions regarding the critical contemporary issues of segregation, concentration of poverty, social mobility, and inequality.The lived experience of poverty in the U.S., especially for poor African-American and Hispanic people, is shaped by the spatial organization of wealth and poverty. Recent research has demonstrated clear links between neighborhood poverty and social and economic outcomes. Unfortunately, the number of people living in high-poverty ghettos, barrios, and slums has nearly doubled since 2000, rising from 7.2 million to more than 14 million. These increases were underway well before the recession began in 2007, so they reflect changes in the spatial organization of poverty as well as the effects of the financial crisis. The investigators will examine the extent to which concentration of poverty has been driven by patterns of housing development that segregate metropolitan housing by type (single-family vs. multi-family), tenure (owner-occupied vs. rental), age of housing (median year built), and housing unit characteristics. They will determine differential patterns of housing among and within metropolitan areas by assessing the constraints imposed by land use regulations, because density zoning, material restrictions, setback requirements, and other measures imposed by a highly fragmented set of local jurisdictions within metropolitan areas constrain market outcomes and channel housing construction towards local homogeneity and economic segregation at larger scales. The investigators will use a multilevel longitudinal panel of neighborhoods, political jurisdictions (i.e., cities and suburbs), and metropolitan areas from 1970 onwards in order to decompose concentrated poverty into spatial and non-spatial components and to empirically measure the relationship of the spatial component to the pace and exclusivity of metropolitan development.