The Nature of the Office. Analyzing the habitus, self- and body-concepts of corregidores of the Spanish Monarchy (16th-17th century)

该项目分析了西班牙国王的代表corregidores的行为，他们在西班牙君主制的主要城市行使司法和行政职能。以当代政治人类学的隐喻作为第一条线索，该项目的基本假设是，这种行为被描绘为“自然的”，必须符合办公室的“性质”（naturaleza del officio），与人与办公室的基本对应的假设一致。通过这种方式，官员既能强调自己的才能，又能避免滥用职权的诱惑（激情、兴趣、偏袒或腐败）。我们可以用“第二本性”的概念来概念化这种自然天赋，这一概念使我们可以假定一个被调查者的“习惯”，这就构成了我们研究的中心主题。这使我们能够在早期现代政治人类学的基础上重建公职人员的历史，并特别强调身体的历史和性别的历史，而不是遵循假定的公职人员现代精神起源的主要叙述。这个项目特别受益于这样一个事实，即总督不仅是代表和施加王权的关键人物。他也是王室中最经常受到常规控制程序（juicios de residencia）的官员。与其他王室控制机制（visitas, informaciones, pesquisas）不同，居民榨汁的独特特征是它们的周期性。同时，定期邀请城市居民就公职人员可能的不当行为提出报告和作证。因此，有可能重建城市和办公室官员行为的生动画面，以及人们对官员行动范围的容忍度限制。在第一阶段，我们发现了一组额外的资料来源，这些资料对我们的研究将证明是特别有益的，因为这些资料来源包含了记录者自己关于其个人和官方行为的报告。这些文件将在项目的第二阶段进行彻底的分析，从而补充了官方和城市人口的外部观点和官员的策略自我描述。这一点尤其重要，因为正是在这些文件中，这个人与其作为公职人员的第二本性之间的冲突和含糊之处不仅被显示出来，而且还被证明是合理的、有背景的和解释的。此外，与项目的第一阶段相比，通过这些自我文件，居民官方行为的性别和身体历史方面变得更加清晰可辨。

The project analyses the behavior of the corregidores, representatives of the Spanish king who performed judicial and executive functions in major cities of the Spanish monarchy. Taking metaphors of contemporary political anthropology as a first clue, the project's basic assumption is that this behavior was portrayed as 'natural' and had to correspond to the 'nature' of the office (naturaleza del oficio) in accord with the assumption an essential correspondence of person and office. In this manner the officer was able to emphasize both his own aptitude for the office and his abstinence from temptations to abuse it (by passions, interests, partiality or corruption). This reference to a natural aptitude can be conceptualized by means of the concept of the 'Second Nature', which allows us to assume a Habitus of the corregidor, which accordingly constitutes a central subject of our investigation. This enables us to reconstruct the history of the public officer on the basis of early modern political anthropology and with a special emphasis on the history of the body and on gender history, instead of following the master narrative of a supposed genesis of a modern ethos of the public officer. The project profits particularly from the fact that the corregidor was not only a crucial figure in representing and imposing royal power. He was also the one official of the monarchy who was most often subjected to regular control procedures (juicios de residencia). Unlike other royal control mechanisms (visitas, informaciones, pesquisas), the juicios de residencia's distinctive trait was their periodicity. At the same time, the urban population was regularly invited to report on and testify against possible misconduct by the public officers. Consequently, it is possible to reconstruct a vivid picture of the behavior of the corregidores in the city and the office, as well as the limits that the population's tolerance fixed on the officials' scope of action. In the first phase, we have discovered an additional set of sources that will prove especially fruitful for our research, since these sources contain reports by the corregidores themselves about their personal and official conduct. These documents will be subjected to a thorough analysis in the second phase of the project, thus complementing the external view by the Crown and the urban population with the officials' tactical self-portrayal. This is particularly relevant since it is in these documents that the conflicts and ambiguities between the person and its second nature as a public officer are not only displayed, but also justified, contextualized and explained. Additionally, gender and body-historical aspect of the corregidores' official conduct become much more clearly discernible through these egodocuments than they were in the first phase of the project.