RAPID: Building Community Resilience: Understanding Homeowner Response to Extreme Events

加强社区抵御自然灾害的能力对所有社区，包括住宅部门都很重要。 在某些情况下，房主可能在灾害事件中幸存下来，但仍然遭受重大的直接和间接损失，如果整个社区的损失加在一起，可能会阻碍重大灾害后的恢复。减少未来的损失可能需要房主采取自愿行动，以减少其住宅的风险。这项研究将侧重于社会和文化因素的作用，包括宗教信仰，在激励房主积极主动。这项研究将在两个海地社区进行房主调查，这些社区的住宅区分别受到2016年飓风马修和2010年地震的破坏。了解这些极其脆弱的房主的态度和行为，可以反过来为鼓励美国类似社区积极主动地降低风险的努力提供信息。这些研究结果将为规划的制定提供信息，使文化和社会机构能够超越其作为应对和恢复的关键行动者的历史角色，并成为主动减少风险的驱动力。房主减少飓风和地震等自然灾害风险的决定可能受到复杂的社会，经济和政治力量的制约，包括重要的社会和文化机构的作用。这些机构的具体做法可能会有很大的差异，甚至在那些特定类型的，并可能与相应的差异，在姿态的信徒对各种危险。最近（例如，例如，卡特里娜飓风）和更遥远的美国灾难历史表明，机构联系可能会影响风险寻求/规避行为。本研究特别关注宗教信仰在决定房主机构重建弹性的作用。其他测试其对降低风险房主行为的影响的变量包括先前灾害损害的严重程度（通过工程法医评估量化），对未来自然灾害风险的看法，以及自先前灾害经历以来的时间。本次调查中使用的数据将来自面对面的房主调查，这些调查将分发给海地两个人口统计学上相似的社区莱凯和莱奥甘的500名单一家庭住宅的主要决策者。莱凯的居民正处于2016年飓风马修之后的早期恢复阶段，那里可以记录减少风险建设的意图。相比之下，2010年地震震中Leogane的受访者有六年的时间来指导重建步骤并展示减少风险的行动，从而可以对家庭恢复的意图和行动进行比较评估。由于缺乏用于随机抽样的准确普查数据，通过修改后的随机游走协议挑选答卷人。数据分析包括两个社区的基本描述性统计（频率和交叉表）和结构风险缓解指数的多变量分析，这是房主对增强建筑安全性的积极反应的定量指标。

Strengthening community resilience to natural disasters is important in all communities, including in the residential sector. In some instances, homeowners may survive a hazard event yet still experience significant direct and indirect losses that, when aggregated over entire communities, can impede recovery following major disasters. Reduction of future losses may require homeowners to undertake voluntary actions to reduce risks to their residences. This research will focus on the role of social and cultural factors, including religiosity, in motivating homeowners to be proactive. This research will conduct homeowner surveys in two Haitian communities whose residential sectors were respectively devastated by 2016's Hurricane Matthew and the 2010 Earthquake. Understanding the attitudes and behaviors of these extremely vulnerable homeowners can in turn inform efforts to encourage proactive risk reduction among similar communities in the United States. Such findings will inform the development of programming enabling cultural and social institutions to move beyond their historical roles as key actors in response and recovery and become drivers of proactive risk reduction.Homeowner decisions to reduce risk to natural hazards like hurricanes and earthquakes are likely constrained by complex social, economic, and political forces, including the role of important social and cultural institutions. The specific practices of these institutions may vary considerably even within those of a particular type, and may be associated with corresponding differences in the posture of adherents towards various hazards. The recent (e.g., Hurricane Katrina) and more distant history of US disasters has shown, for example, that institutional affiliation may inform risk seeking/avoidance behavior. This study pays particular attention to the role of religiosity in determining homeowner agency to rebuild for resiliency. Other variables tested for their effects on risk-reducing homeowner behavior include the severity of prior disaster damage (quantified by engineering forensic assessments), perceptions of future natural hazard risk, and time elapsed since prior disaster experience. Data used in this investigation will be generated from face-to-face homeowner surveys distributed to 500 primary decision makers of single family residences in each of the two demographically similar communities in Haiti, Les Cayes and Leogane. Residents of Les Cayes are in the early stages of recovery following 2016's Hurricane Matthew, where intent toward risk reducing construction can be documented. By contrast, respondents in Leogane, the epicenter of the 2010 Earthquake, have had six years to navigate the steps of rebuilding and demonstrate actions toward risk reduction, allowing a comparative evaluation between intent and action in household recovery. Given the lack of accurate census data for random sampling, respondents are selected through modified random walk protocols. Data analysis includes basic descriptive statistics (frequencies and cross-tabs) for the two communities and multivariate analysis on the Structural Risk Mitigation Index, a quantitative indicator of the homeowner's proactive response toward resilience-enhancing construction.