The Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood Framework (3ML): a Tool to Explore the High-Energy Universe in the Era of Multi Messenger Astrophysics

天体物理源现在被许多仪器观测到，波长从无线电到高能伽马射线，并使用不同的信使，包括光，光偏振，中微子，宇宙射线和引力波。 从这些数据中提取洞察力目前非常困难，因为每种仪器都有自己的数据格式，软件和分析程序，每种都需要专业知识和培训。 多任务最大似然框架（3 ML）解决了这个问题，允许使用所有可用数据轻松建模，而不依赖于来源。 每个仪器都提供了一个接口，将其数据传输到3 ML，而3 ML则优化模型参数，以尽可能匹配所有数据。 该奖项支持3 ML的持续发展，特别是通过HAWC加速的LikeTM（HAL），一个新的3 ML组件，为高海拔水切伦科夫望远镜（HAWC）提供新的科学。 该项目包括促进使用3 ML进行多波长研究的教程，针对本科生和研究生，并使他们接触到天体物理学中的竞争性研究项目和基本问题。3 ML和HAL的这项工作对于促进几个关键科学问题的进展是必要的，例如：1）宇宙射线加速，特别是超高能宇宙射线源的开放问题; 2）通过模拟伽马射线天空的暗物质湮灭截面; 3）天体物理学中微子的起源; 4）引力波信号和伽马射线爆发的高能对应物; 5）银河系外的背景光，该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的学术价值和更广泛的影响评审标准。

Astrophysical sources are now observed by many instruments at wavelengths from radio to high-energy gamma-rays, and using different messengers, including light, light polarization, neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational waves. Extracting insight from these data is currently very difficult because each instrument has its own data format, software, and analysis procedure, each requiring specialized knowledge and training. The Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework (3ML) solves this issue, allowing easy modeling using all available data, independent of origin. Each instrument provides an interface from their data to 3ML, while 3ML optimizes model parameters to match all of the data as well as possible. This award supports the continued development of 3ML, focusing in particular on enabling new science for the High-Altitude Water Cerenkov telescope (HAWC) through the HAWC Accelerated Likelihood (HAL), a new 3ML component. The project includes tutorials to promote the use of 3ML for multi-wavelength study, targeting undergraduate and graduate students and exposing them to competitive research projects and fundamental questions in astrophysics.This work on 3ML and HAL is necessary to enable progress on several key scientific questions, such as: 1) cosmic ray acceleration, and in particular the open question of the source of ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays; 2) dark matter annihilation cross sections through the modeling of the gamma-ray sky; 3) the origin of astrophysical neutrinos; 4) high-energy counterparts to gravitational wave signals and gamma-ray bursts; and 5) the extra-Galactic background light, by a stacking analysis of the spectra of many sources simultaneously.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.