Citizenship by Consternation? Normative Democracy Orientations within the Context of Public Participation in Urban Planning in Germany and Switzerland

在城市中，市政当局、私人规划办公室和投资者组织的参与性进程越来越多。新的和直接的公众参与形式在城市规划中发挥着越来越大的作用。这些活动包括关于未来发展的讲习班和其他活动，公民可以在这些活动中提出他们的要求。这些论坛解决了市民的不同期望，以获得对公共空间规划和塑造的更直接的影响，这越来越受到不同社会群体的争议。参与较大城市项目的新形式是参与和民主的不同规范思想的焦点。因此，本研究项目将以它们为起点，分析公民和政治秩序概念的变化。该研究项目询问市政当局如何处理公民参与问题，以及该进程的制度框架赋予他们何种作用。此外，本研究的目的是在城市政治决策过程不断变化的背景下，从参与公民的角度对民主、政治意愿的形成和政治秩序产生不同的文化模式类型学。因此，该项目的结果可以有助于对政治结构变化进行更深入的社会学和文化理解。比较德国和瑞士两国的城市应该有助于确定不同民主模式的影响及其各自的制度条件。此外，考虑到城市日益重要的作用、城市的迅速变化以及城市对充分解决问题的新方法的探索，这种比较使人们能够重建关于民主和自由的传统信念的差异。参与公民的解释模式和道德观念是不断变化的政治文化的要素。因此，将对使用直接参与形式的选定城市项目的公民进行非标准化访谈。市政当局和机构设置应对市民的方式将根据适当的城市管理文件进行分析。我们将选择参与城市项目的形式，这些项目对城市的发展非常重要，并且在规划过程中，关于空间未来使用的可能的整合或排斥过程变得越来越明显。

In cities, ever more often municipal authorities, but also private planning offices and investors organize participative processes. New and direct forms of public participation are playing an increasing role in urban planning. These include workshops on future development and other events, in which citizens may present their requests. Those discussion forums address different expectations of the citizens to obtain a more direct influence on the planning and the shaping of the public space, which is more and more contested by different social groups. The new forms of participation in larger urban projects are representing a focal point for different normative ideas of participation and democracy. Therefore, this research project will use them as a starting point for the analysis of changing concepts of the citizen and the political order.The research project asks how municipal authorities address the citizens to participate and which role is attributed to them by the institutional frame of the process. Besides, the aim of this research is to generate a typology of different cultural patterns on the side of the participating citizens concerning democracy, the forming of the political will and the political order in the context of a changing political decision making process in the city. The results of the project can thus contribute to a deeper sociological and cultural understanding of the structural changes in politics. Comparing cities in the two countries Germany and Switzerland should help to identify the influence of different models of democracy and their respective institutional conditions. Furthermore the comparison allows reconstructing the differences in traditional beliefs about democracy and freedom, considering the aspect of an increasing role of the city, its rapid changes and its search of new ways for solving problems adequately. Patterns of interpretation and moral concepts of the participating citizens are elements of a changing political culture. Therefore, non-standardized interviews will be conducted with citizens involved in selected urban projects where direct forms of participation are used. The way in which the municipal authorities and the institutional settings address the citizens will be analyzed based on appropriate documents of urban administration. We will choose forms of participation in urban projects that are very important for the development of a city and where possible integration or exclusion processes with regard to the future uses of the space are becoming apparent in the planning process.