RAPID: Examining How Access to Green Space Impacts Subjective Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

这个项目的目的是探索在需要人们呆在室内和与世隔绝的公共卫生紧急情况下，绿地、风险感知和幸福感之间的联系。在当前新冠肺炎大流行这样的危机中，城市绿地在促进公共健康和福祉方面的作用可能是绿色基础设施(GI)计划的一个特别重要的共同好处。然而，人们同时承认，即使在户外，即使是在绿地，也是接触和/或传播新冠肺炎的持续风险来源。因此，这项研究提出的问题是，获得绿地的机会的变化，无论是由于缺乏安全的附近绿地和/或在公共流行病期间特定类型的空间中与户外相关的感知风险，如何影响福祉？为了回答这些问题，本研究采用了在线调查和对大学生的视频访谈。这些学生从校园回到家中，回到各种各样的住宅和景观形式，提供了一个机会，进行比较研究，了解获得绿地如何影响对当前条件和福祉的反应。这项通过电子邮件发布的调查包括幸福感、户外活动、风险认知以及个人对社交疏远/自我孤立措施的反应等问题。来自调查参与者的受访者将被问及以下问题：可用的户外绿地和活动，新冠肺炎引发的生活方式变化及其对幸福感的影响，户外活动对受试者幸福感的作用，以及目前情况下户外活动的障碍。统计分析和定性编码分析将用于确定(A)受试者获得不同类型绿地的机会；(B)受试者在类型、可获得性和风险感知方面利用绿地的意愿；以及(C)(A)和(B)与受试者在大流行期间的幸福感之间的联系。这项研究将扩大关于绿色基础设施(GI)计划共同惠益的知识，重点是在压力巨大的时期健康和福祉的共同惠益。这项研究将能够确定各种绿地类型和可达性在景观形式(城市、郊区、农村)之间和内部对福祉的影响。因此，这项研究将有助于理解新的、大规模的压力诱导事件如何与绿地类型和准入方面的差异交织在一起，从而促进人类福祉的不平等。通过从广泛地区的不同研究人群中收集数据，这项研究将能够对一系列绿地类型和通道进行比较。这将进一步了解绿地影响福祉的机制，适用于公共卫生、土木工程、城市生态和城市设计规划等一系列领域。面对当前和未来的全球大流行相关挑战，这项研究将解决对福祉的两个主要的更广泛的影响。首先，这项研究考察了在社交距离/呆在家里的条件下，绿地的使用如何影响幸福感，比如超过五分之三的美国人口经历了这种情况。其次，本研究将提供受试者在社交距离/居家条件下关于户外娱乐的选择和行为的详细信息，包括对绿地访问重要性的风险认知和信念。这些数据将一起用于通过对户外娱乐、福祉以及当前和未来规划的GI设计的建议，为当前和未来对流行病和其他极端紧急情况的准备和应对提供信息。根据建筑类型和人口特征对社区特征的关注将通过提供精细的空间分辨率来支持GI的规划和实施，将GI对福祉的贡献与GI对雨水管理和其他环境利益的贡献整合在一起。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The aim of this project is to explore the connections among green space, perception of risk, and well-being in times of a public health emergency that require people to stay indoors and isolated. In a crisis like the current COVID-19 pandemic, the role of urban green spaces in promoting public health and well-being may be an especially important co-benefit of green infrastructure (GI) programs. However, there is simultaneous acknowledgement that being outdoors, even in green space, is a continuing source of risk for exposure and/or spread of COVID-19. Therefore, this research asks, how do variations in access to green space, whether due to lack of safe, nearby green space and/or the perceived risk associated with being outdoors in particular kinds of spaces during a public pandemic, impact well-being? To answer these questions, this study uses online surveys and video interviews with college students. These students have traveled home from their campuses, returning to a wide variety of residential and landscape forms, presenting an opportunity to conduct comparative study of how access to green space influences responses to current conditions and well-being. The survey, distributed via email, includes questions about well-being, outdoor activity, risk perception, and personal responses to social distancing/self-isolation measures. Interviewees, solicited from survey participants, will be asked questions about available outdoor green space and activity, lifestyle changes in response to COVID-19 and their effect on well-being, the role of outdoor activity in subjects' well-being, and barriers to outdoor activity under present circumstances. Both statistical analyses and qualitative coding analyses will be used to determine (a) subjects' access to different types of green space; (b) subjects' willingness to utilize green space with respect to type, accessibility, and risk perception; and (c) the association of (a) and (b) with subjects' well-being during the pandemic. This study will expand knowledge on the co-benefits of green infrastructure (GI) programs, with an emphasis on the co-benefit of health and well-being during times of great stress. This study will allow determination of the impacts on well-being for a wide-range of green space types and accessibility, across and within landscape forms (urban, suburban, rural). As such, this study will contribute to understandings of how novel, large-scale stress-inducing events intersect with differences in green space type and access to contribute to inequalities in human well-being. By collecting data from a diverse study population located across a broad area this study will be able to make comparisons across a range of green space types and access. This will further understanding of the mechanisms by which green space affects well-being, applicable to a range of fields like public health, civil engineering, urban ecology, and urban design and planning. This research will address two primary broader implications for well-being in the face of current and future global pandemic-related challenges. First, this study examines how green space access affects well- being during social distancing/stay-at-home conditions, such as those experienced by more than three-fifths of the US population. Second, this study will provide detailed information on subjects' choices and behaviors regarding outdoor recreation during social distancing/stay-at-home conditions, including risk perception and beliefs about the importance of green space access. Together these data will be used to inform current and future preparations and responses to pandemics and other extreme emergency circumstances through recommendations on outdoor recreation, well-being, and current and future planned GI design. Attention to characteristics of neighborhoods by type of building and by population characteristics will support GI planning and implementation by providing fine spatial resolution for the integration of GI contributions to well-being with GI contributions to stormwater management and other environmental benefits.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.