NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biology FY 2021: Fluid homeostasis in the evolution of frog breeding phenology

该行动资助2021财年美国国家科学基金会生物学博士后研究奖学金，扩大生物学中代表性不足群体的参与。该奖学金支持研究员的研究和培训计划，该计划将增加在生物学中代表性不足的群体的参与。这项研究的目的是了解水通道蛋白在让青蛙克服恶劣环境中的作用，以及这与气候和繁殖行为的关系。水通道蛋白允许水穿过细胞膜，因此允许青蛙在许多不同的环境中保持水分平衡。青蛙在繁殖期间可能会遇到恶劣的天气条件，为了繁殖和生存必须克服这些条件。该研究员将从生活在不同栖息地的不同种类的青蛙中获取有关水通道蛋白遗传多样性和其他相关特征的数据。实验室实验将用于确定不同物种如何适应炎热、寒冷或干燥的环境，并最终为两栖动物保护工作提供信息。如果观察到不同物种之间的差异，则意味着水通道蛋白在使青蛙在变化的气候中生存方面很重要，并且与青蛙的繁殖行为有关。此外，该研究员将为研究生设计和举办免费的公共讲习班，为报告统计结果和提高科学可重复性提供实用指南，目的是促进历史上代表性不足的群体在博士后一级的参与。本研究将验证三种假说，以确定水通道蛋白的行为、气候、遗传和功能多样性之间的进化关系：H1)雌雄动物的繁殖期持续时间与气候有关，H2)水通道蛋白序列多样性受气候影响，H3)水通道蛋白基因表达与温度/水分可用性有关。H1和H2将使用系统发育广义最小二乘（PGLS）回归分析，同时考虑体型或栖息地偏好等相关性状。对于H2，两两遗传距离将通过广义时间可逆模型获得，然后使用多维尺度投影到欧几里得空间（PGLS回归所需）。H3将使用系统发育多变量方差分析模型进行分析。预计温度将是影响序列多样性、基因表达和育种周期长短的主要因素之一。该研究对了解无尾目动物的历史生物地理学和未来的保护前景具有重要意义。奖学金获得者的培训目标包括培养指导技能，学习获取和分析气候、分子序列和基因表达方面的数据。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This action funds an NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology for FY 2021, Broadening Participation of Groups Underrepresented in Biology. The Fellowship supports a research and training plan for the Fellow that will increase the participation of groups underrepresented in biology. The goal of this research is to understand the role of aquaporin proteins in allowing frogs to overcome harsh environments, and how this may be related to climate and breeding behaviors. Aquaporins allow water to move across cell membranes and therefore allow frogs to maintain water balance in many different environments. Frogs might encounter harsh weather conditions during their reproductive period and must overcome them in order to reproduce and survive. The Fellow will obtain data on the genetic diversity of aquaporins and other relevant traits from various species of frogs living in different habitats. Laboratory experiments will be used to determine how different species may adapt to hot, cold, or dry conditions and eventually inform amphibian conservation efforts. If differences across species are observed, it is implied that aquaporins are important in allowing frogs to survive changing climates and are related to breeding behaviors in frogs. Additionally, the Fellow will design and implement free public workshops for graduate students providing practical guides for reporting statistical results and enhancing scientific reproducibility, with the goal of promoting the participation of historically underrepresented groups at the postdoctoral level.This research will test three hypotheses to determine the evolutionary relationship between behavior, climate, and genetic and functional diversity in aquaporin proteins: H1) breeding period duration across anurans is related to climate, H2) diversity in aquaporin sequences is influenced by climate, and H3) aquaporin gene expression is related to temperature/water availability. H1 and H2 will be analyzed using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression while accounting for relevant traits such as body size or habitat preference. For H2, pairwise genetic distances will be obtained via generalized time-reversible models and then projected into a Euclidean space (required for PGLS regression) using multidimensional scaling. H3 will be analyzed using a phylogenetic multivariate analysis of variance model. It is expected that temperature will be one of the major factors influencing sequence diversity, gene expression, and breeding period duration. This research is important for understanding past biogeography and future conservation prospects in anurans. Training objectives for the Fellow include developing mentorship skills and learning to obtain and analyze data on climate, molecular sequences, and gene expression.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.