Collaborative Research: Exploring Early Galaxy Formation and the Epoch of Reionization with the Hawaii-Two-0 (H20) Survey

要了解星系是如何以及何时形成的，必然涉及对极其遥远和微弱的天体的研究。由于目前还不可能对数亿个极暗的星系进行光谱测量，因此覆盖许多平方度的深度和高分辨率成像测量是识别目标以进行光谱跟踪的首选方法。通过跨越宽波长范围的多个滤光片获得的图像--实际上是一种非常低分辨率的光谱学形式--除了形态及其环境之外，还可以用来得出重要的性质，如近似红移(距离)、恒星质量和恒星形成活动。该奖项将支持夏威夷2-0(H20)调查的完成和早期分析，这是一项超深多波长星系调查，覆盖了八个波段的两个连续的10平方度区域，波长跨度从0.36微米到4.5微米。这项调查包括欧几里得太空望远镜针对深度观测的Keck和重叠区域的后续光谱分析。该奖项还支持研究生研究，允许本科生和当地高中生参与研究活动，开发西班牙语普通教育课程，以及多项公共推广活动。H20成像数据将在可预见的未来提供最大且唯一具有宇宙学意义的样本，预计将发现500,000个高z莱曼破裂星系，12,000个静止系统和50-100个z=3-7的原始星团，得出光度红移、恒星质量、恒星形成率和灭绝。这些数据将为大质量高z星系的演化提供第一个明确的约束，研究不同星系群的质量函数作为红移和环境的函数，识别原始星系团，以及寻找被认为在星系形成初期导致宇宙重新电离的稀有天体。保证的凯克光谱将用于发现红移和校准光度学红移，确认原星团，测量Ly-Alpha谱线的强度，以搜索高逃逸分数天体，并测量星系物理参数的谱线诊断。将开发创新的数据科学技术(例如，自组织地图；SOM)，并将其应用于多维H20数据，以最大限度地提取科学信息。H20星表对于建立欧几里德校准场将是必不可少的。这一奖励反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Understanding how and when galaxies form necessarily involves the study of incredibly distant and faint objects. Since spectroscopy of many hundreds of millions of extremely faint galaxies is not feasible currently, deep- and high-resolution imaging surveys covering many square degrees are the preferred method for identifying targets for spectroscopic follow-up. Images obtained through multiple filters spanning a wide wavelength range – in effect, a form of very low-resolution spectroscopy - can be used to derive important properties such as approximate redshifts (distances), stellar masses, and star formation activity, in addition to morphology and their environments. This award will support the completion and early analysis of the Hawaii Two-0 (H20) survey, an ultra- deep and multi-wavelength galaxy survey covering two contiguous 10-square degree regions of the sky in eight bands spanning 0.36 to 4.5 microns in wavelength. The survey includes follow-up spectroscopy with Keck and overlaps fields targeted for deep observations by the Euclid Space Telescope. The award also supports graduate student research, enables the participation of undergraduate and local high school students in research activities, develops general educational classes in Spanish, and multiple public outreach events.The H20 imaging data will provide the largest and only cosmologically significant sample for the foreseeable future and is expected to uncover 500,000 high-z Lyman Break galaxies, 12,000 quiescent systems and 50-100 proto-clusters at z= 3-7, with derived photometric redshifts, stellar masses, star formation rates and extinction. These data will provide the first definitive constraint on the evolution of massive high-z galaxies, a study of the mass function for different populations of galaxies as a function of redshift and environment, the identification of proto-clusters, and a search for rare objects believed responsible for re-ionizing the Universe during the initial epoch of galaxy formation. Guaranteed Keck spectroscopy will be used to find redshifts and calibrate photometric redshifts, confirm proto-clusters, measure the strength of the Ly-alpha lines to search for high- escape fraction objects and to measure spectral line diagnostics of galaxy physical parameters. Innovative data science techniques (e.g., self-organizing maps; SOMs) will be developed and applied to the multi-dimensional H20 data to extract maximum scientific information. The H20 catalogs will additionally be essential for building the Euclid calibration fields.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.