Collaborative Research: RUI: Bank type, bank market ecologies, and support of small businesses

长期以来，美国银行业一直拒绝向贫困和边缘化社区的借款人提供信贷。然而，这一体系包含了各种各样的贷款组织，从全球企业巨头到社区银行、信用合作社和社区发展机构，它们采用了截然不同的商业模式、使命和价值观，并以截然不同的方式与借款人和社区（包括贫困和传统上被边缘化的少数群体）建立了联系。本项目分析了该组织的多样性及其对工资保障计划（PPP）的影响，以确定贷款组织和银行市场中的贷方生态或组合的差异如何影响并可能促进贫困和非白人社区小企业获得信贷的机会。PPP是一个非常适合这项研究的联邦政府项目，它通过各国现有的贷款机构向企业发放了近1200万笔贷款，以在疫情期间维持工人的工资，并提供了有关贷款机构向何处和向谁贷款的详细数据。为了解决贷款机构组织形式和银行市场生态对信贷流动的影响，本项目结合了对贷款机构和借款人的访谈，并对所有PPP贷款的新数据集进行了多层次定量分析，这些数据集包括：a) 7种贷款机构类型的贷款数据和32,000个社区的社会经济状况，以及b)为这些社区服务的625个区域银行市场的组织构成数据。这些分析广泛地有助于理解组织如何塑造不平等，同时将组织生态学和组织形式和复杂性的制度研究扩展到新的成果。他们解决了我们在银行和信贷领域的阶级和种族差异知识上的一个关键空白，将组织研究、经济社会学和政治经济学中关于银行组织、银行系统及其经济影响的工作与社会学、法律和相关领域的研究结合起来，广泛地分析了银行和信贷作为歧视和隔离的场所。但通常将银行的组织多样性放在一边（或专注于大型银行），以记录更广泛的系统性趋势。通过确定在美国银行业以及通过该体系运作的政府项目中实现更大包容性的可能性，该项目强调了改革的新途径，包括建设与传统边缘化社区接触的贷款机构的能力，以及改变地区市场中的机构组合。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

American banking has long denied credit to borrowers in poor and marginalized communities. Yet that system contains a striking variety of lending organizations, ranging from global corporate behemoths to community banks, credit unions and community development institutions, that embrace very different business models missions and values, and that relate to borrowers and communities, including poor and traditionally marginalized minority ones, in very different ways. This project analyzes that organizational variety and its impact in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to determine how differences in lending organizations and the ecologies or mixes of lenders that populate banking markets shape –and might enhance—access to credit for small business in poor and non-white communities. Ideally suited for this study, the PPP was a federal government program that worked though the nations’ existing lenders to issue nearly 12 million loans to businesses to keep workers on payroll during the pandemic, and produced detailed data on where and to whom lenders lent.To address the impact of lender organizational form and bank market ecologies on credit flows, this project combines interviews of lenders and borrowers with multi-level quantitative analyses of a new data set on all PPP loans that links: a) data on lending by seven lender types and socio-economic conditions in 32,000 communities, with b) data on the organizational compositions of 625 regional banking markets that served those communities. These analyses contribute broadly to understanding how organization shapes inequality, while extending organizational ecology and institutional research on organizational form and complexity to new outcomes. They address a key gap in our knowledge of class and ethno-racial divides in banking and credit, integrating work in organizational studies, economic sociology and political economy on bank organization, banking systems and their economic impacts with research in sociology, law and allied fields, which extensively analyzes banking and credit as sites of discrimination and segregation, but commonly sets organizational variety in banking aside (or focus on large banks) to document broader systemic tendencies. And by identifying possibilities for greater inclusivity within American banking—and in government programs that work though that system – this project highlights new avenues for reform, including building the capacities of lenders that engage traditionally marginalized communities and altering mixes of institutions in regional markets.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.