FMSG: Cyber: Nanoscale Single Photon 3D Printing at Scale

这笔赠款支持与纳米制造过程相关的新知识的研究，促进科学进步和促进国家繁荣与安全。三维打印或3D打印是从数字计算机模型创建三维(3D)对象的过程。它已被广泛应用于从产品可视化到制造工程部件的各种应用。纳米级3D打印有助于制造微型化的结构和设备，并可以为许多应用提供新的产品功能。然而，常见的3D纳米打印方法速度慢且成本高，因为它们通常依赖于对昂贵的激光束进行连续的逐点扫描。该奖项支持基础研究，以提供开发快速纳米级3D打印方法所需的知识，该方法使用低成本紧凑型光源，类似于激光指示器中使用的光源，以及用于高通量制造3D纳米结构的数字光投影。单光子3D纳米打印机的潜在用途横跨信息技术、通信、能源、医疗保健和生物医药行业，从而造福于美国经济和社会。这项多学科的研究涉及多个学科，包括制造、光化学、光学和材料科学。该项目有助于扩大妇女和代表性不足群体在研究和培训方面的参与，并影响工程教育和未来劳动力的发展。三维纳米结构具有超过块状结构的特性和功能，甚至是传统上不可能实现的特性。3D纳米结构的打印需要一个非线性过程来局部定义高分辨率特征。最先进的是飞秒激光双光子聚合(2PP)工艺。然而，2PP工艺速度慢、成本高，并产生微米级分辨率的结构。本研究旨在填补研发高分辨率、高通量、低成本3D纳米打印机的知识空白。该研究团队的目标是开发一种使用低成本半导体激光器和单光子剂量非线性的系统，以实现比传统2PP的吞吐量高1000倍、成本至少低10倍、分辨率50 nm或更低的分辨率。该团队计划调查和了解纳米级的非线性单光子聚合过程，控制抑制自由基的扩散以防止不想要的聚合以提高特征分辨率，开发一种并行投影方法一次打印整个纳米层以加快打印吞吐量，并创建一个以机器学习(ML)为指导的数字双胞胎数据库，该数据库将所制造部件的所需功能与构建参数连接起来，以便未来作为网络3D纳米制造平台得到广泛采用。该项目由工程(ENG)局的土木、机械和制造业创新(CMMI)司和数学和物理科学局(MPS)的化学(CHE)司共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This grant supports research that contributes new knowledge related to a nanomanufacturing process, promoting both the progress of science and advancing national prosperity and security. Three-dimensional printing or 3D printing is the process of creating three-dimensional (3D) objects from a digital computer model. It has been widely used for applications ranging from product visualization to making engineered parts. Nanoscale 3D printing is useful for making miniaturized structures and devices and can enable new product functions for many applications. However, the common 3D nanoprinting methods are slow and costly because they typically rely on serial point-by-point scanning of an expensive laser beam. This award supports fundamental research to provide the needed knowledge for the development of a fast nanoscale 3D printing method, which uses a low-cost compact light source, similar to that used in laser pointers, and digital light projection for high-throughput fabrication of 3D nanostructures. The single photon 3D nanoprinter’s potential use spans applications in information technology, communications, energy, healthcare, and biomedical industries, which benefits the U.S. economy and society. This multi-disciplinary research involves several disciplines including manufacturing, photochemistry, optics, and materials science. The project helps broaden the participation of women and underrepresented groups in research and training and impacts engineering education and development of the future workforce.3D nanostructures have properties and functions exceeding those of bulk structures or even properties traditionally not possible. Printing of 3D nanostructures requires a nonlinear process to locally define high-resolution features. The state-of-the-art is femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization (2PP) process. However, the 2PP process is slow, costly and generates structures with micron-scale resolutions. This research is to fill the knowledge gap in the development of a high resolution, high throughput, low-cost 3D nanoprinter. The research team aims to develop a system that uses a low-cost diode laser and single-photon dosage nonlinearity to achieve 1000 times higher throughput, at least 10 times less cost and 50 nm or less resolutions than those possible with conventional 2PP. The team plans to investigate and understand the nanoscale nonlinear single-photon polymerization process, control the diffusion of inhibiting radicals to prevent unwanted polymerization to improve feature resolution, develop a parallel projection method to print entire nanolayers at a time to speed up the printing throughput, and create a machine learning (ML)-guided digital-twin database that connects the desired functionality of the manufactured parts with the build parameters for its future broad adoption as a cyber 3D nanomanufacturing platform. This project is supported with co-funding from Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (CMMI) Division in the Engineering (ENG) Directorate, and the Chemistry (CHE) Division in the Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS).This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.