Forms of Politicization of Humanitarian Aid in the European Union

人道主义援助处于危机状态，需要捐助机构作出调整。越来越多的人成为人道主义灾难的受害者。但人道主义援助往往达不到这些人。与此同时，人道主义组织在其现场行动中面临许多困境。捐助者对这些问题的反应各不相同。他们中的大多数人不再严格遵守人道主义原则。它们促进长期的结构性发展项目，与国家和军事组织更密切地合作，或规定接受援助的条款和条件。简而言之，它们顺应了人道主义援助政治化的趋势。然而，这一趋势实际上意味着什么，也不清楚它会产生什么后果。因此，我试图将人道主义援助政治化的含义概念化并付诸实施，以说明人道主义援助在欧洲联盟（欧盟）内部是如何政治化的。虽然政治化主要用于在实地开展活动的人道主义组织，但更不清楚的是，它对欧盟等机构的概念化和协调意味着什么。为了使这一术语概念化，我把对政治化的两种理解结合在一起：一种是从人道主义援助的角度，另一种是从国际机构的角度。然后，我建议如何在欧盟分析人道主义援助的政治化。因此，我把重点放在难民署建设和政策制定的阶段，以及多个利益攸关方的进程，其中不同类型的行为者反映在欧盟和由欧盟提供的人道主义援助。最后，我将分析一些具体的最近的政治进程（框架伙伴关系协议和危机管理和预防的综合方法的发展），以示范性地展示欧盟人道主义援助的政治化。我预计这项研究将产生三个主要结果。(1)它澄清了人道主义援助政治化的含义，并使其对协调国际人道主义机构的实证研究有用。(2)它将欧盟描述为人道主义行为体。它进一步显示了人道主义援助的政策领域（作为欧盟外交和安全政策的一部分）如何超越政府间主义，包括更多的跨国行为体。(3)它允许对最近的谈判和对欧盟人道主义援助未来的思考的经验见解。从长远来看，这些结果可能有助于更好地理解人道主义援助政治化的后果。

Humanitarian aid is in a state of crisis, which requires adaptations by donor institutions. More and more people fall victim to humanitarian disasters. But humanitarian aid often does not reach these people. At the same time, humanitarian organizations face many dilemmas in their on-site operation. Donors react to these problems differently. Most of them withdraw from a strict adherence to the humanitarian principles. They promote longer-term structural development projects, cooperate more closely with states and military organizations, or specify terms and conditions for receiving aid. In short, they follow the trend of the politicization of humanitarian aid. Yet, neither what this trend actually entails, nor what consequences it has, is fully clear. Therefore, I seek to conceptualize and operationalize what politicization of humanitarian aid means, in order to show how humanitarian aid is politicized within the European Union (EU). While politicization is mostly used in the context of humanitarian organizations operating in the field, it is even more unclear what it means for rather conceptualizing and coordinating institutions like the EU. To conceptualize the term I bring together two understandings of politicization: one from the context of humanitarian aid and the other from the context of international institutions. I then propose how the politicization of humanitarian aid should be analyzed in the EU. I thereby focus on the phases of agenda-building and policy formulation as much as on multi-stakeholder processes in which different kinds of actors reflect on humanitarian aid in and by the EU. Finally, I will analyze some concrete recent political processes (development of the Framework Partnership Agreements and the Comprehensive Approach of Crisis management and -prevention), in order to exemplary demonstrate the politicization of humanitarian aid in the EU. I expect three major results from the study. (1) It clarifies what politicization of humanitarian aid means and makes it useful for empirical research on coordinating international humanitarian institutions. (2) It characterizes the EU as humanitarian actor. It further shows how the policy field of humanitarian aid (as part of the EUs Foreign and Security Policy) moves beyond intergovernmentalism, including more transnational actors. (3) It allows for empirical insights into recent negotiations and reflections on the future of humanitarian aid in the EU. In the longer term, these results may contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of the politicization of humanitarian aid.