The relevance of chronotype and infant feeding for the link between diurnal timing of food intake and overweight or type 2 diabetes risk

新出现的证据支持昼夜节律饮食模式在心脏代谢疾病发展中的作用。我们之前的项目提供了新的证据，特别是在晚上习惯性地摄入较高的血糖指数（GI）碳水化合物，可能会对青年期2型糖尿病的风险指标产生不利影响。此外，横截面证据表明，较晚的睡眠类型在一天的晚些时候有更高的能量摄入。因此，从青春期到青年期向较晚的时间型转变，以及/或由于社会安排导致的时间型和食物摄入时间之间的不一致，可能部分解释了为什么这一生命周期成为慢性疾病发展的“关键时间窗口”。从生命历程的角度来看，阐明婴儿时期已经形成的昼夜节律饮食模式是至关重要的。因此，该项目的总体目标是研究从婴儿期到青年期的昼夜节律饮食模式和/或生物钟与代谢健康的相关性。具体来说，我们的项目解决了能量和碳水化合物摄入时间与个体昼夜节律之间的不一致是否会对代谢健康产生不利的短期和长期影响，以及婴儿时期的母乳喂养或奶瓶喂养是否与生命后期的昼夜节律饮食模式和身体组成有关。为了解决这些问题，将进行一项短期对照营养试验和对开放队列DONALD研究数据的二次分析。交叉试验将招募20名大学生（非肥胖，18-25岁），他们有早睡和晚睡的时间型。使用连续血糖监测，将测试2小时和全天血糖水平和血糖变异性是否在早餐（即较晚的时间型之间的不一致）或晚餐（即较晚的时间型之间的不一致）提供相同的富含高GI碳水化合物的食物的日子里有所不同。早期时型不一致)。此外，该项目还利用了DONALD研究中前瞻性收集的婴儿、儿童和青少年数据。定期评估包括3天的体重饮食记录，白天特定的饮食数据和人体测量测量，以及关于个人睡眠类型的问卷调查。此外，在年轻的成年期抽取空腹血液样本，以便调查2型糖尿病危险因素的前瞻性相关性。该项目将首次提供有关时间类型和婴儿喂养的相关性的详细信息，以了解昼夜节律饮食模式与短期和长期代谢健康之间的联系。通过这种方式，该项目将为社会时差风险较大的年龄组提供饮食建议所需的证据。

Emerging evidence underpins a role of circadian eating pattern for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Our previous project provides new evidence that particularly the habitual consumption of higher glycaemic index (GI) carbohydrate intakes in the evening may have adverse consequences for type 2 diabetes risk markers in young adulthood. Additionally, cross-sectional evidence indicates that later chronotypes have higher energy intakes at later times of the day. Hence the shift towards a later chronotype during adolescence until young adulthood and/or a misalignment between chronotype and timing of food intake due to social schedules may partially explain why this life-span emerges as a “critical time window” for the development of chronic diseases. From a life-course perspective it is crucial to also elucidate the potential shaping of circadian eating patterns already during infancy.Therefore, the overall aim of this project is to investigate the relevance of circadian eating pattern and/or chronotype for metabolic health from infancy to young adulthood. Specifically, our project addresses whether a misalignment between the timing of energy and carbohydrate intake and individual circadian rhythm as captured by chronotype has adverse short- and long-term consequences for metabolic health and whether breast- or bottle-feeding in infancy is relevant for circadian eating pattern and body composition later in life.To address these questions a short-term controlled nutrition trial and secondary analyses of data from the open-cohort DONALD study will be conducted. The cross-over trial will be performed enrolling each 20 university students (non-obese, 18-25 years) with an earlier and a later chronotype. Using continuous glucose monitoring it will be tested whether the 2-h and diurnal blood glucose levels and glycaemic variability differ in response to days where the same meal rich in higher GI carbohydrates is provided at breakfast (i.e. misalignment among later chronotypes) or dinner(i.e. misalignment among earlier chronotypes). Moreover, the project takes advantage of prospectively collected data from infants, children and adolescents of the DONALD study. Regular assessments include 3-day weighed dietary records with daytime-specific dietary data and anthropometric measurements, as well as a questionnaire on the individual chronotype. Additionally, fasting blood samples are drawn in young adulthood that allow investigating the prospective relevance for type 2 diabetes risk factors.The project will be the first to provide detailed information on the relevance of chronotype and infant feeding for the link between circadian eating pattern and metabolic health both over the short- and long-term. This way the project will contribute evidence needed for dietary recommendations in age groups at substantial risk for social jetlag.