Do titanium dioxide nanoparticles and chlorinated organic compounds influence each other's uptake and toxicity in fish? A multi-angle and -level approach towards a better understanding of the interaction and hazard of emerging nanomaterials and traditiona

工程纳米材料代表了水生生态系统中一类新的污染物。它们与传统的环境污染物，即化学品的共存和相互作用，可能会由于综合毒理效应而增加对水生生物的危害。在这方面特别令人关切的是，纳米材料(1-100纳米)能够跨越生物屏障，而较大尺寸的颗粒通常无法跨越生物屏障，因此，考虑到它们的高比表面积和吸附能力，可以作为表面结合毒物的媒介(特洛伊木马效应)。然而，直到今天，关于这些过程在水生生物中的发生和后果的知识仍然很少，特别是在鱼类中。最丰富的纳米材料之一和最受关注的持久性有机环境污染物之一-二氧化钛纳米颗粒(NPs)与氯化有机化合物之间的联合作用至今仍是完全未知的。因此，该项目的总体目标是评估纳米二氧化钛和氯化有机化合物是否会影响彼此对虹鱼(Oncorhynchus Mykis)的吸收和毒性。具体来说，该项目旨在回答以下研究问题：-纳米二氧化钛能否作为表面吸附的氯化有机化合物的载体，并将它们通过鱼类细胞的质膜运输，从而提高它们在细胞内的利用率和效果？-纳米二氧化钛和氯化有机化合物的混合物是否在细胞水平上显示出关于共同毒性终点的增强效应？-纳米二氧化钛能否促进氯化有机化合物通过鱼的鳃上皮吸收？-纳米二氧化钛和氯化有机化合物是否会影响彼此在鱼组织和器官中的积累、分布和毒性？

Engineered nanomaterials represent a novel class of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Their co-existence and interaction with traditional environmental pollutants, that is chemicals, could increase their respective hazards to aquatic biota due to combined toxicological effects. Of particular concern in this regard is that the nano-sized materials (1 - 100 nm) could be able to cross biological barriers, which are typically insurmountable for larger-sized particles and thereby, taking into account their high specific surface area and adsorption ability, act as vector for surface-bound toxicants (Trojan horse-effect). However, to this day there is only little knowledge on the occurrence and consequence of these processes in aquatic organisms, particularly in fish. The combination effects between one of the most abundant nanomaterials and one of the most concerning group of persistent organic environmental pollutants, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and chlorinated organic compounds, are so far even completely unknown. The overall objective of this project is therefore to assess if TiO2 NPs and chlorinated organic compounds can influence each other's uptake and toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Specifically the project aims to answer the following research questions: - Can TiO2 NPs act as vector for surface-adsorbed chlorinated organic compounds and transport them across the plasma membrane of fish cells thereby increasing their intracellular availability and effect? - Do mixtures of TiO2 NPs and chlorinated organic compounds exhibit enhanced effects with regard to shared toxicity endpoints at the cellular level? - Can TiO2 NPs facilitate the uptake of chlorinated organic compounds through fish gill epithelia? - Do TiO2 NPs and chlorinated organic compounds influence each other's accumulation, distribution and toxicity in fish tissues and organs?