Contingentia and Disputatio: Decision-Making in Scholastic Theory of the Western European Middle Ages (B12 [A02]+)

从12世纪开始，学术理论和学术争论的实践都集中在对社会情境中的决策进行概念化。在更广泛的偶然性和自由意志的背景下讨论，决策意味着一种独立于所有类型的预定命运的行为。关于决策的一般性陈述和论文是从学术辩论中详细阐述出来的，这些辩论特别发生在世纪的牛津大学以及（后来的）巴黎大学。本项目将审查这些辩论的后续贡献以及它们如何反映社会和政治现实。

From the 12th century onwards, scholastic theory as well as the practice of academic disputation focused on conceptualizing decision-making in social situations. Discussed in a broader context of contingency and free will, decision-making signified an act of independence from all types of predetermined fate. General statements and treatises on decision-making were elaborated out of academic debates, which were taking place particularly in the 14th century at Oxford University as well as (later) at the University of Paris. The ensuing contributions of these debates will be examined in this project as well as how they reflected on social and political realities.