Machines and Energy before 1500: a Commented Anthology

欧洲列强向海外扩张之前的技术。正式的模型是克拉杰特著名的《中世纪力学》精选版（1959）和格兰特的《中世纪科学资料书》（1974）。相关声明的前提是全面的来源研究，远远超出最终选择的摘录。这些节选主要分为五个标题：1。可用的电力和燃料；2 .对新动力和能源的期望（包括太阳辐射的即时集中）；3 .提高机器效率；精细的调节和控制，尤指在钟表制造方面；复兴地中海造船业。我们评估了大约20位作者，并认为古代和阿拉伯作家，特别是阿基米德，阿波罗尼乌斯和Ibn al Haitam （Alhazen）的接受程度是一个刺激因素。最近由冷、霍尔、舒尔茨等人大量研究的军事技术的来源，将只在土木和机械工程的背景下考虑。执行将由三名经验丰富、技能互补的专业人员执行，第一个主要部分由申请人执行。《评论选集》应于三年后在互联网上出版，演出图书出版后可延长一年。关于达芬奇对永动机模型的批评，他对摩擦、冲击、水力和燃烧镜结构的研究的补充材料，计划出现在“亚琛前工业能源史研究älteren”（亚琛研究）中。

Technology before the great expansion of the European powers overseas. Formal models are i.a. Clagett's famous selection Edition "The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages" (1959) and Grant's "Sourcebook in Medieval Science" (1974). The claim related presupposes comprehensive source studies that go far beyond the excerpts finally selected. These excerpts are presented under five main headings: 1. Available power and fuels, 2. Expectations for new drive and energy resources (including the immediate concentration of solar radiation), 3. Increased machine efficiency, 4. Refined regulation and control, especially in horology and clockmaking, 5. Renewal of Mediterranean shipbuilding. We evaluate about 20 authors and consider as a stimulator the reception of ancient and Arabic authors, particularly Archimedes, Apollonius und Ibn al Haitam (Alhazen). Sources of military technology, largely studied recently by Leng, Hall, Schulz and others, will be considered only in the context of civil and mechanical engineering. The execution will be carried out by three experienced professionals with complementary skills, the first main part performed by the applicant. The "Commented Anthology" should be published in the Internet after three years, a performed book publication after a possible extension of one year. A complementary volume with just available materials on Leonardo da Vinci's critics of perpetual motion models, his studies on friction, shock, water power and the construction of burning mirrors, is scheduled to appear in the "Aachener Studien zur älteren Energiegeschichte" (Aachen Studies on Preindustrial Energy History).