Governance of Creativity: Distributing Uncertainty in Collaboration Practices

创造力不再被视为个人成就，而是社会协作过程的结果。合作在艺术和科学中都是一种常见的做法。然而，尽管有希望，但协作本身并不能保证创造性的结果：相反，协作必须得到组织和管理。拟议的项目利用经济地理学和组织理论的方法来审查一个悬而未决的问题：如何协调合作，以促进创造力的方式利用社会和空间分布的资源？我们通过考察治理在理想-典型模式下的制度化角色来应对这一挑战：市场、等级、社区、网络、协会或国家。我们试图通过理解不确定性的矛盾作用来调和关于创造性合作治理的不同发现。也就是说，创造性的协作必须平衡组织不足和过度组织，或者出其不意地引导这一过程。因此，本项目侧重于治理如何影响参与协作的不同参与者之间的不确定性分布。在参与(谁参与协作)、内容(目标结果是什么？)、过程(如何实现预期目标？)和地点(协作在哪里进行)方面可能存在不确定性。在这些方面，不确定性既是一种可以利用的资源，同时也是一种威胁。核心研究问题如下：不同的治理模式如何影响创造性合作中参与者之间的不确定性程度和类型？行为者如何利用这些治理模式来诱导、减少、从而重新分配不同的不确定性因素？而创造性合作中的不同形式的不确定性又如何影响治理模式的选择和有效性？从经验上讲，创造性合作的治理将在音乐和制药研究领域进行研究。将采用访谈和人种学方法，比较每个领域不同治理背景下的创造性协作做法。该项目将有助于以过程为导向的组织创造力理论。

Creativity is no longer regarded as an individual achievement, but as an outcome of a social process of collaboration. Collaboration is a common practice in both the arts and sciences. Despite its promise, however, collaboration per se is no guarantee for creativity as an outcome: rather, collaboration must be organized and governed. The proposed project draws upon approaches in economic geography and organizational theory to examine an unresolved issue: How can collaboration be coordinated to leverage socially and spatially distributed resources in ways that foster creativity? We approach this challenge by examining the role of governance as institutionalized in ideal-typical modes: market, hierarchy, community, network, association, or state. We seek to reconcile disparate findings on the governance of creative collaboration by understanding the paradoxical role of uncertainty. Namely, creative collaboration must balance under- and over-organizing, or enacting surprise and directing the process. Thus, this project focuses on how governance shapes the distribution of uncertainty among different actors engaged in collaboration. Uncertainty may exist with respect to participation (who participates in collaboration), content (what is the targeted outcome?), process (how are the desired objectives achieved?), and place (where collaboration takes place). Across these dimensions, uncertainty is both a resource to be employed and at the same time controlled as a threat. The central research questions are as follows: How do different modes of governance influence the degree and types of uncertainty among actors in creative collaboration? How do actors utilize these governance modes to induce, reduce and thereby redistribute different elements of uncertainty? And how do different forms of uncertainty in creative collaboration, in turn, influence the choice and effectiveness of modes of governance? Empirically, the governance of creative collaboration will be studied in the fields of music and pharmaceutical research. Interviews and ethnographic methods will be employed to compare practices of creative collaboration drawn from different governance contexts in each field. The project will contribute to a process-oriented theory of organizing creativity.