The Command to Baptize and Cases of Doubt. The Catholic Church's Early Modern Administration of the Sacraments from a Global Historical Perspective

天主教会并不总是它今天被认为的全球性角色;它确实已经成为。欧洲的扩张以及近代早期的民族分裂决定性地促进了这一进程。随后，罗马教会中心提出的普遍规范性主张，越来越多地与各种特定现实中事实的规范性发生冲突。这些新的挑战激活了罗马天主教内部长期的（自我）转变过程。在罗马教会总部和世界各地的外围之间的结构性紧张关系中，天主教基督教一方面经历了全球化的忏悔驱动，另一方面经历了“忏悔化”的全球驱动。然而，静态的活动在城市和被动在奥贝模型未能理解这些事件的辩证动态。相反，出现了一种高度复杂和特别是天主教版本的“宗教殖民主义”，其特点是底层、中间和霸权宗教主角的全球互动。几乎没有任何其他领域的天主教管理，以说明这些概念比圣礼的管理。所谓的dubia circa baptismum是一个最近开放的档案收藏，其中包含了从世界各地寄到罗马的与洗礼有关的怀疑案例，在这方面特别令人印象深刻。它们传达了一种全球忏悔文化起源的非凡观点。

The Catholic Church has not always been the global player it is considered today; it is what is has, indeed, become. This process has been decisively promoted by the European expansions as well as by the denominational divisions of the Early Modern Period. Subsequently, the universal claim to normativity raised by the centre of the Church in Rome increasingly collided with the normativity of the factual in various particular realities. These novel challenges activated long-term processes of (self-) transformation within Roman Catholicism. In the constitutive tensions between the headquarters of the Church in Rome and the peripheries all over the world Catholic Christianity experienced confessional drives of globalization on the one hand and global drives of "confessionalization" on the other. However, the static model of activity in urbe and passivity in orbe fails to apprehend the dialectical dynamics of these incidents. Instead, a highly complex and specifically Catholic version of "religious colonialism" emerged, characterized by the global interaction of subaltern, intermediate and hegemonic religious protagonists. Hardly any other realm of Catholicism manages to illustrate these concepts better than the administration of sacraments. The so-called dubia circa baptismum, an archival collection recently made accessible containing cases of doubt related to baptism, which were sent to Rome from all over the world, is particularly impressive in this regard. They convey an extraordinary view of the beginnings of a global confessional culture.