Heating and airconditioning by hypocausts in residential and representative architecture in Rome and Latium studies of a phenomenon of luxury in a favoured climatic area of the Roman Empire on the basis of selected examples.

在以前的关于考古研究和关于古代技术史的书目中，这个主题只被以一种边缘的方式对待，尽管它对于解释罗马建筑，特别是那些帝国时期和古代晚期的建筑具有一定的重要性。用于居住和行政目的的房间或房间组，以及那些具有代表性的功能、不同尺寸的房间，配备了这种系统，在整个帝国都是众所周知的。没有洗澡功能的地下取暖房间在居住和行政环境中很明显，具有代表性功能的建筑的房间：分别是Domus、Castella、Villae、宫殿、教堂和与之相连的建筑。对于其他类型的建筑，有单一的例子。这些例子的主要部分是在罗马气候条件不利的省份发现的，也就是说，在帝国的东部和北部；但它们也存在于意大利北部，主要是在多玛斯。在有利的气候区域，也就是在意大利中部和南部，这些例子与前者形成鲜明对比。在城市本身，既有皇室也有非皇室的穹顶和住宅，在罗马的腹地，没有沐浴功能的伪君子系统在维尔莱和住宅中被发现。大量的例子属于早期和中期的帝国时期，但似乎在古代晚期出现了真正的制度繁荣。实际上，专家们正在讨论气候变化是否对这一现象起到了至关重要的作用。一般来说，可以从论文开始，无论是在最初的建筑阶段还是在第二阶段安装暗室供暖的业主，都取得了更高的声望。同样，可以假设，提高生活质量的愿望起到了重要作用。或许，这也算上了潮流效应。在这些浴室建筑之外，从无数浴室建筑中了解到的下腔静脉系统的标准化技术大同小异；唯一的区别似乎是，墙壁上的小管通常被放置在单一的直线上。在当代的书面资料中，只有很少提到这一制度，特别是关于私人建筑物。该研究项目的目标是对Rom和Latium中的系统实例进行示范研究。第一步将是记录和解释所有已知的例子，无论是出版的还是未出版的。第二个是深入研究罗马郊区阿皮亚大道上马克森提乌斯别墅的所有房间和大厅。那里有四个已知的例子，其中两个规模相当大。他们认为，别墅的一部分，注定是住宅的侧翼，而另一部分则是代表用途，配备了宏伟的豪华设施。

In the previous bibliography regarding archaeological researches and those regarding the history of ancient technique, the topic has been treated only in a marginal way, even though it is of a certain importance regarding the interpretation of Roman buildings, especially those of the Imperial and late-antique periods. Rooms or groups of rooms for residential and administrative purposes and those with a representative function, of different dimensions, equipped with this system are known in whole the Empire. Rooms with hypocaust heating without a bathing function are evident in residential and administrative contexts, and those of buildings with a representative function: domus, castella, villae, palaces, churches and buildings connected with them respectively. For other types of buildings there are single examples. The major part of the examples has been discovered in the Roman provinces with disadvantaged climate conditions, that is to say in the eastern and northern part of the Empire; but they exist in the north of Italy as well, principally in domus. The examples in the favoured climate zones, that is to say in Central and Southern Italy stand out in sharp relief against the former. In the urbs itself there are domus and residences, imperial as well as non-imperial, and in the hinterland of Rome the hypocaust system without a bathing function is found in villae and residences. A great number of the examples belong to the early and the middle Imperial period, but it seems that in the late antique period there has been a real boom of the system. Specialists discuss actually, if climatic changes play an essential role regarding this phenomenon. Generally, it can be started from the thesis, that the owners which either installed a hypocaust heating during the original building phase or in a second phase, achieved more prestige. Similarly, it is possible to suppose that the desire to increase the quality of life played a significant role. Probably, also the bandwagon effect counted. The standardised technique of the hypocaust system, known from countless bath buildings, outside of these ones is more or less identical; the only difference seems to be that the tubuli in the walls often are placed in single lines. In the contemporary written sources there are only few references to the system, especially regarding private buildings. The goal of the research project is an exemplary study of the examples of the system in Rom and Latium. A first step will be the record and interpretation of all known examples, published or unpublished. A second one will be the in-depth study of all the rooms and halls respectively with hypocausts in the Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia in the suburbium of Rome. Four examples are known there, two of them of considerable dimensions. They suggest that the part of the villa, fated to be the wing of the residence and that one for representative purposes, was furnished with grand luxury.