Beyond Defeat and Victory. The Commemoration of Military Conflicts by Greek Poleis in Archaic and Classical Times

战争（当然也包括战争中的成败）是希腊城邦生活的一个重要方面。因此，研究希腊城邦如何、何时、何地以及为什么纪念他们的军事胜利（或失败），有望为理解希腊城邦历史和文化提供重要信息。因此，有些令人惊讶的是，迄今为止还没有尝试探索这个问题的全部，即使一系列的专门研究，如tropaia或武器奉献已在最近几年出版的单一方面。超越失败和胜利的研究项目，也是一个研究项目，旨在填补这一学术空白。它利用所有可用的文学、金石和考古资料，考虑到纪念军事胜利的所有活动：从竖立tropaia、埋葬阵亡将士和奖励勇敢到节日、奉献和纪念碑。因此，这项研究的重点是社区开展的纪念活动的一个方面，特别是考虑到第二次世界大战结束70周年和第一次世界大战结束即将到来的百年纪念：胜利者如何纪念他们的军事成功，战败者呢？不同的纪念方式能使胜利延续多久？这又如何影响（昔日）胜利者和（昔日）失败者的继续共存？考虑在古代和古典时代的希腊文化的承诺是特别有趣的，在这方面，因为它被赋予一个特殊的地位后，雅各布Burckhardt`s论文的一个普遍的竞争原则在19世纪末。这一点自然也适用于战争，在古代和早期古典时代，战争的争斗特征和高度仪式化经常被强调;在这一点上，希腊文化明显区别于其他时代和其他文化。然而，最近这种对抗战的概念受到越来越多的挑战，人们越来越多地认为这可能不是古代的现实，而是现代的理论。在这种背景下，对古代和古典时期希腊城邦纪念军事冲突的方式以及它们对战争和胜利的态度进行广泛的研究，因此是积极的。

War (and thus naturally also success and defeat in war) was a vital aspect of Greek polis life. Thus a study of how, when, where and why Greek poleis commemorated their military victories (or defeats for that matter) promises to contribute vital information to the understanding of Greek polis history and culture. It is therefore somewhat surprising that hitherto no attempt has been made to explore this subject in its entirety even though a series of specialized studies on single aspects such as the tropaia or the weapon dedications have been published in recent years. The research project Beyond Defeat and Victory, that is also a habilitation-project, aims at filling this academic void. Drawing on all available sources, literary, epigraphical and archaeological, it takes the whole range of activities commemorating a military victory into account: from the erection of tropaia, the burial of the fallen and the reward of bravery to festivals, dedications and monuments. The study thus focuses on one aspect of the memorialisation undertaken by communities that is still relevant today, especially considering the 70th anniversary of the end of the Second World War and the approaching centennial of the end of the First: How do victors commemorate their military success and what about the defeated? For how long are the victories kept alive by the different methods of commemoration? And how does this influence the continued coexistence of the (erstwhile) victors and the (erstwhile) defeated? A consideration of the Greek culture in archaic and classical times promises to be especially interesting in this respect for it is accorded a special status following Jacob Burckhardt`s thesis of an all-prevailing agonistic principle at the end of the 19th century. This naturally also applies to war, whose agonistic character and high degree of ritualization in archaic and early classical times have frequently been stressed; in this Greek culture distinguishes itself significantly from other times and other cultures. Recently this concept of agonistic warfare has been increasingly challenged, though, and there is a growing consensus that it might not be antique reality but rather modern theory. Against this background an extensive study of the way Greek poleis in archaic and classical times commemorated military conflicts and what attitudes to war and victory they thus reveal, is therefore positively overdue.