The Presence of the Prophet: Muhammad in the mirror of his community in early modern and modern Islam

所有将自己定义为穆斯林的不同个人、团体和社区都对先知有共同的依恋，无论是逊尼派还是什叶派，无论是信奉伊斯兰教的文字还是精神，无论是伊斯兰教改革的支持者还是世俗的穆斯林。作为个人效仿和规范优先的焦点，作为救赎的希望、文化自豪感和权力的源泉，伊斯兰教的先知继续存在于穆斯林信徒中间。这包括关于他的末世论信仰，它将伊斯兰教的起源（对一些人来说也是整个受造世界的起源）与现在和世界的终结联系起来。一种超历史的直接性也被传送的先知话语所唤起，这些话语对信徒说话，并暗示祝福甚至胜利，给那些坚持先知圣训的人。在中世纪晚期已经出现的虔诚模式的基础上，先知模式自近代早期（其开始于公元1450年）开始在逊尼派和什叶派穆斯林中越来越多地进入个人和集体努力的核心，以加强个人和更新伊斯兰文化和政治。但是，对先知的日益依恋同样强化和加深了伊斯兰教内部现有的裂痕，以及与非穆斯林的紧张和冲突，每当先知和他的形象受到威胁时，这种紧张和冲突就会变得更加激烈。这个法德研究小组多年来一直从事学术交流，其联合探索事业旨在探索对先知的各种形式的依赖，这些依赖有助于穆斯林个人的形成和伊斯兰文化和政治的发展，自近代早期以来，在穆斯林世界不断扩张但也分散的时期。这个为期三年的方案将在第一年侧重于发展先知的教义、文化和媒体表现形式。“先知的表现：比喻和争议”)。它将在第二年转移到先知身上，作为个人和集体赋权以及法律和政治权威和权力的资源。“先知的继承人：权威和力量”)。第三年将致力于与先知虔诚相关的个人和集体经验的动态(3)。“个人和集体经验之间的先知虔诚”)。该方案的目的是为跨学科和比较方法的先知虔诚的历史和它的不同层面，自近代早期时期的基础。其更大的目标是有助于更好地理解伊斯兰文化中心领域的宗教、社会和政治之间的相互作用。在过去的几十年里，伊斯兰文化已经变成了一个日益全球化的冲突舞台。

Attachment to the Prophet is shared by all the different individuals, groups and communities which define themselves as Muslims, whether Sunnites or Shi'ites, whether attached to the letter or rather the spirit of Islam, whether proponents of Islamic reform or secular Muslims. As a focus for personal emulation and normative precedence and as a source of hope for salvation, cultural pride and empowerment, the Prophet of Islam continues his presence among the Muslim believers. This includes eschatological beliefs about him which connect the beginnings of Islam (and for some also the origin oft he whole created world) with the present time and the end of days. A metahistorical immediacy is also evoked by the transmitted Prophetical sayings, which speak to the believer and suggest blessing and even victory for those who keep hold the Prophetic Sunna. Building on patterns of piety which emerged already in later medieval times, the Prophetic model has since the early modern period (its beginning taken here from c. 1450) increasingly moved among both Sunnite and Shi'ite Muslims into the core of personal and collective efforts to strengthen the individual and to renew Islamic culture and politics. But the increased attachment to the Prophet has equally reinforced and deepened the existing fractures within Islam, and also the tensions and conflicts with non-Muslims, which have gained in intensity whenever the Prophet and his image are at stake. The joint explorative enterprise intended by this Franco-German research group, which has been engaged in academic exchange for a number of years, seeks to explore the various forms of attachment to the Prophet which have contributed to the formation of the Muslim individual and to the development of Islamic culture and politics since the early modern period, in a time of continuing expansion but also decentering of the Muslim world. The three-years programme will in its first year focus on the development of the doctrinal, cultural and medial representations of the Prophet (1. "Representations of the Prophet: figurations and controversies"). It will shift in the second year to the Prophet as a ressource of personal and collective empowerment and of legal and political authority and power (2. "Heirs of the Prophet: authority and power"). The third year will be dedicated to the dynamics of individual and collective experience connected with Prophetic piety (3. "Prophetic piety between individual and collective experience"). The programme is designed to clear the ground for interdisciplinary and comparative approaches to the history of Prophetic piety and its different dimensions since the early modern period. Its larger goal is to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between religion, society and politics in a central field of Islamic culture which has turned over the last decades into an arena of conflict on an increasingly global scale.