Mediation of rulership at the borderlands of Latin Europa in Late Medieval Times

中世纪晚期的社会是由各种一神论和多神教（波罗的海地区）的宗教以及不同的政治和社会秩序所塑造的。该项目的目的是提供一个新的统治在中世纪晚期的拉丁欧洲边境地区的谈判过程的比较分析。拉丁欧洲被认为是一个多元化的空间，其边界的特点是各种各样的纠缠。研究设计是面向的概念histoire croisée（维尔纳/齐默尔曼2002），以建立一个共时和历时的比较。因此，分析范畴的统治权主要不是在马克斯·韦伯的意义上理解的，而是在一个行动者的领域内作为一种交流的话语实践。这一领域的特点是某些行为者和跨越宏观结构的影响。因此，它不仅关注统治者，而且同样重视“被统治者”及其相互作用。在这样一个场域中，统治权发生在交际的接近和距离中，而且总是以中介为媒介。因此，这种调解的统治权将与分析术语调解，调解人和媒介化：调解的统治权是指特定的时刻，当统治权行使和谈判的演员三合会。除了统治者和被统治者之外，调解人也走到了前台。最后，该项目将不采用现代化的范例，而是采用媒体化，即通过机构和做法的出现以及法律的和行政责任的区分，不断增加调解。作出这种区分是为了强调这些领域的具体情况。四个案例研究分析了在调查期间移交给新统治者的领域。这一方法的出发点是，过渡时期特别适合于分析权力行使的调解过程，因为它们导致新旧行为体集团之间的谈判增加。每个案例研究涉及拉丁欧洲的一个不同的边境地区。案例研究1向北看，认为挪威处于1397年卡尔马联盟的第一阶段。案例研究2是面向东方的，在被波兰王国吞并后，红色俄罗斯的统治结构发生了转变。个案研究3从贵族的角度分析了安茹统治在意大利南部的建立。最后，案例研究4关注的是基督教征服前后瓦伦西亚王国城市和乡村结构的发展。所选择的方法不仅旨在更加注重中世纪晚期权力行使的沟通和互动过程，而且还寻求拉丁欧洲许多地区之间的内部差异，这些地区在其充分的多样性中处于分析的中心。当前政治危机的数量表明了这种观点的高度相关性。

Late Medieval societies were shaped by various mono- & polytheistic (Baltic Sea Region) religions as well as by different political and social orders. The aim of the project is to provide a comparative analysis of negotiation processes of new rulerships at the borderlands of Latin Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Latin Europe is understood as a multifarious space, whose borderlands are characterised by varied entanglements. The research design is oriented towards the concept of histoire croisée (Werner/Zimmermann 2002) in order to establish a synchronic and diachronic comparison. The analytical category rulership is thus not primarily understood in Max Weber's sense but as a communicative discursive practice within a field of actors. This field is characterised by certain actors and influenced by spanning macro-structures. Thereby, it does not focus only on the ruler, but gives equal importance to the 'dominated' and their interactions. Within such a field rulership takes place in communicative proximity and distance and is always mediated. Therefore this mediated rulership will be approached with the analytical terms mediation, mediator, and mediatisation: Mediation of rulership refers to the specific moments when rulership is exercised and negotiated by actors triads. In addition to the rulers and the dominated, mediators come to the foreground. Finally, instead of using the paradigm of modernisation, the project will speak of mediatisation, in the sense of a steady increase of mediation through the appearance of institutions and practices and the differentiation of legal and administrative responsibilities. This distinction has been made in order to stress the specifics of these areas. Four case studies analyse areas which passed to new rulers during the investigated period of time. This approach is led by the thesis that moments of transition are especially suitable for analysing mediated processes of the exercise of power because they lead to an increased negotiation between old and new groups of actors. Each case study deals with a different border area of Latin Europe. Case study 1 looks north and considers Norway in the first phase of the Kalmar Union of 1397. Case study 2 is oriented eastwards, towards the transformation of ruling structures in Red Russia after its annexation by the Polish Kingdom. Case study 3 analyses the establishment of Anjou rule in Southern Italy from the perspective of the nobility. Finally, case study 4 is concerned with the development of the urban and rural structures in the Kingdom of Valencia before and after the Christian conquest. The chosen approach does not only aim at a stronger focus on communicative and interactive processes of Late Medieval exercise of power, it also seeks for an internal differentiation between the many regions of Latin Europe, which - in their full diversity - stand in the centre of the analysis. The number of ongoing political crises shows the high relevance of such a perspective.