Kant's Concept of Minority (Majority) in Historical and Philosophical Perspective

该项目旨在从谱系学的角度考察康德的多数/少数概念，重点是他的义务理论作为他的启蒙计划的前提。它旨在为理解康德哲学、“启蒙时代”（康德）以及他的启蒙哲学与当代的相关性做出可见的贡献。虽然在目前的期限内，该项目的五个领域取得了重要成果，但将该项目再延长三年是非常重要的。其原因是，一方面，第一个项目期间没有得到充分的资金，尽管外部评审人给予了积极的评价，另一方面，（更重要的是）在第一个项目期间，新的方面成为关注的焦点，可以在第二个项目阶段进行合理的审查。在第一个项目期间，显然，多数/少数的概念与康德的义务概念以及"思维取向”、自决、自我保护和人道等概念密切相关。因此，多数/少数的概念不仅对康德的启蒙概念至关重要，而且对康德的整个哲学至关重要，正如第二个项目时期所要证明的那样。他的批判哲学致力于一种实际动机的自我关怀，其价值和尊严通过自由和自我活动来解释。这种自我认识必须通过自己在世界上的思考和行动来追求，它必须作为一种能力来保存。针对多数人的开悟是一个无法完成的过程，它呼吁以我们的思维和意愿的规范和义务为指导的实践取向。第二阶段的工作计划包括六个主题：1.“保护自己”。一、康德实践哲学的一个核心概念及其体系意义;根据鲍姆加滕的伦理学和形而上学讲座，康德的义务概念; 3。人类的多数/少数：康德历史哲学的来源和结构; 4。公共意识：能力与公共领域相互作用的起源; 5。批评宗教作为一个消极的和作为一个积极的条件多数; 6。由于偏离自然条件而延长的职责。论多数与合法权威的正当性。

The project aims at examining the concept of majority/minority in Kant in a genealogical perspective, with a focus on his theory of obligation as the precondition of his enlightenment program. It is intended to provide a visible contribution to the understanding of Kant’s philosophy, of the „age of enlightenment“ (Kant), and of the relevance of his enlightenment philosophy for the present age. Although important results have been achieved in the five areas of the project during its present duration, it is of great importance to extend the project for another three years. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, that the first project period was not fully funded, although positively reviewed by the external referees, and on the other hand (and more importantly) that new aspects came into focus during the first period that can reasonably be examined during a second project phase.During the first project period, it has become obvious that the concept of majority/minority is closely connected to Kant’s conception of obligation, as well as with concepts like „orientation in thinking“, self-determination, self-preservation and humanity. Thus, the concepts of majority/minority is not only vital for Kant’s concept of enlightenment, but rather for Kant’s philosophy as a whole, as the second project period is supposed to demonstrate. His critical philosophy is devoted to a practically motivated care for oneself, whose value and dignity are explained through freedom and self-activity. This self-knowledge must be pursued through own thinking and acting in the world, and it must be preserved as a capacity. Enlightenment aiming at majority is a process that cannot be completed, and it appeals to practical orientation guided by the norms and obligations of our thinking and willing.The work schedule of the second project phase includes six topics: 1. „Preserving oneself“. On a key concept of Kant’s practical philosophy and its systematic significance; 2. Kant’s conception of obligation in the light of his lectures on ethics and metaphysics according to Baumgarten; 3. The majority/minority of the human species: sources and structures of Kant’s philosophy of history; 4. Sensus Publicus: the genesis of the interaction of capacity and the public sphere; 5. Critique of religion as a negative and as a positive condition of majority; 6. The extension of duties as a departure from natural conditions. On majority and the justification of legitimate authority.