'Viele Wenige machen ein Viel' - Eine Kleingeschichte der Wasserkraft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

利用流水的能量进行碾磨，塑造了我们几个世纪以来前工业时代文化景观的特征。虽然关于水力发电的早期应用已经写了很多文章，但我们对小型发电厂在19世纪和20世纪继续使用的情况知之甚少。此外，后来的历史学家倾向于将他们的注意力集中在以化石为基础的主要能源制度上，或者大规模利用流动的水来产生大量的电力--也就是众所周知的“白煤”。不那么令人印象深刻，甚至可能是落后的，长期被证明的“老技术”的能源生产，比如由水轮驱动的小型谷物和锤子碾磨机，被广泛忽视。本研究旨在通过对当地不同水景的比较，恢复小型液压动力发动机在透平、电气化过程中的技术改造。它试图确定现有小型机械厂的所有者在面临能源分配的创新机会时是否以及在多大程度上修改了自己的运营。历史学家在讨论这类修改时大多强调的是根本性的转变，例如，从旧的低效的木制水车转向高效的燃煤蒸汽机或设计合理的水轮机。本文以小型机在日常生活中的挪用为切入点，对水电历史的主流叙事进行了修正。相比之下，我认为，直到20世纪很久以前，“旧技术”一直对能源供应做出了重大贡献，它们通过启动发电机，并为它们自己的运营提供直接的机械动力，特别是在德国“能源景观”的农村地区，那里缺乏文明和基础设施。从传统的液压原动机到“现代”涡轮技术的转变并不是一个明确的、线性的过渡，而是一个渐进的过程，有许多旁路和“反向凸起”，产生了许多混合动力车。参考技术的文化历史，我追溯了在科学涡轮机研究和创新的时代，“老技术”的持续和广泛采用。这种科学史、环境史和技术史的融合在技术研究中引入了更多以用户为中心的视角，并揭示了对用户的关注和采用技术的实际方面如何能够照亮19世纪和20世纪的水电历史。

Utilizing the energy of flowing water for milling purposes shaped the character of our preindustrial cultural landscape for centuries. Although much has been written about the early applications of waterpower, we know comparatively little about the continued usage of smalscale plants in the 19th and 20th centuries. Historians of later times have, moreover, tended to focus their attention on the predominant fossil-based energy regime or the large-scale harnessing of flowing waters for the production of waste amounts of electricity—known as "white coal". Less impressive and perhaps backward, the long-proven energy production of "old Technologies", like small-scale grain and hammer mills driven by waterwheels has been widely neglected. My research aims at recovering the technological transformation of small hydraulic power engines during the time of turbinization and electrification by comparing different waterscapes on a local level. It seeks to determine, whether and to what extent, owners of existing small mechanical mills modified their own operations when faced with innovative opportunities in energy distribution. Historians discussing such modifications have mostly highlighted radical shifts, e.g. from old and inefficient wooden waterwheels to efficient coal-powered steam engines or rationally designed water turbines. This dissertation revises mainstream narratives of hydropower history by taking the appropriation of small-scale engines in their daily life as its point of departure. By contrast, I argue that "old Technologies" made a significant contribution to the energy supply until well into the 20th century by turning electricity generators as well as delivering direct mechanical power to their own operations, particularly in rural territories of the German "energy landscapes", which lacked accessibility to civilization and infrastructure. The shift from traditional hydraulic prime-movers to "modern" turbine-technology was not a clear-cut, linear transition but rather a gradual process with many by-paths and "reverse salients", generating a number of hybrids. Referring to a cultural history of technology I trace the persistence and widespread adoption of "old Technologies" in the age of scientific turbine-research and -innovations. This fusion of science, environmental and technological history introduces a more user-focused perspective inside technology studies and reveals how attention to users and the practical aspects of appropriating technolog can illuminate the history of hydropower in the 19th and 20th century.