Nonverbal islamophobic discrimination in public places: a field experimental study

ISIS在巴黎和柏林发动袭击后，反穆斯林情绪似乎不仅在法国和德国，而且在整个欧洲都在升温。在此背景下，仇视伊斯兰教和歧视穆斯林已成为影响社会凝聚力和融合的紧迫问题。伊斯兰恐惧症主要被研究为一种话语或态度现象，对穆斯林的歧视从自我报告和实验研究中都很明显。虽然这些研究对伊斯兰恐惧症和歧视的普遍性和社会经济后果提供了有价值的见解，但我们对日常社会交往中的歧视行为知之甚少。歧视被理解为差别待遇，因为目标是一个社会突出群体（如穆斯林）的成员。歧视不仅包括拒绝提供工作或住房等资源，还包括不太直接和更微妙的非语言行为形式，如凝视和面部表情，这些非语言行为可能传达贬义的信息。因此，拟议的项目旨在更好地了解面对面社会交往中的伊斯兰恐惧症歧视及其对个人和社会的影响。该项目采用现场实验设计，并在柏林和巴黎的地铁站建立了一个既定的帮助请求范例，首先试图确定与穿着通常与伊斯兰教有关的服装（如希贾布或贾拉巴）的人进行社交互动时的非语言行为模式。其次，同样采用公共场所的实地实验设计，该项目旨在确定这些歧视性行为模式是否实际上是不利的，因为它们被视为贬低和传达负面情绪，而不考虑扣留宝贵资源。因此，该项目增加了现有的文献，因为它提供了对伊斯兰恐惧症和对穆斯林歧视的社会互动动态的见解。传播战略将包括出版技术和非技术文章、新闻稿以吸引媒体的注意，并制作一部专门的戏剧作品在巴黎和柏林演出。

In the aftermath of the ISIS attacks in Paris and Berlin, anti-Muslim sentiment appears to progress not only in France and Germany, but across Europe. In this context, islamophobia and discrimination against Muslims have become pressing issues regarding social cohesion and integration. Islamophobia has mainly been studied as a discursive or attitudinal phenomenon and discrimination against Muslims is evident from self-report and experimental studies. While these studies provide valuable insights into the prevalence and socio-economic consequences of Islamophobia and discrimination, we know very little about discriminatory behavior in everyday social encounters. Discrimination, understood as differential treatment suitably explained by the target's being a member of a socially salient group (e.g. Muslims), not only includes the withholding of resources such as jobs or housing, but also comprises less direct and more subtle forms of nonverbal behavior, such as gaze and facial expressions, that may convey depreciatory messages. The proposed project therefore aims at a better understanding of islamophobic discrimination in face-to-face social interactions and its individual and social repercussions. Using a field experimental design and an established helping request paradigm in metro stations in Berlin and Paris, the project first seeks to identify patterns of nonverbal behavior that are specific to social interactions with individuals wearing attire commonly associated with Islam, such as a hijab or djellaba. Second, also using a field experimental design in public places, the project aims at establishing whether these discriminatory patterns of behavior are in fact unfavorable because they are perceived as depreciatory and conveying negative emotions, irrespective of the withholding of valued resources. The project thus adds to the existing literature in that it provides insights into the social interactive dynamics of Islamophobia and discrimination against Muslims. The dissemination strategy will involve publishing technical and non technical articles, press releases to attract the attention of the media, and producing a dedicated theater piece to be performed in Paris and Berlin.