The influence of occupational biographies on psychosocial environments, intended early retirement, and employment status

人口结构的转变已经影响到德国雇员的巨大阶层：他们将在未来几年内退休，劳动力将因此萎缩。因此，今后使老年雇员尽可能长时间地积极参与劳动力市场将变得越来越重要。在这种情况下，工作到法定退休年龄的动机将发挥决定性作用。除了健康、财务方面和与伙伴关系有关的方面外，社会心理工作环境对决定退休时间也有重大影响。其中一些方面对预期退休年龄有长期影响。这种影响在职业生涯的早期就开始了，并提出了目前该领域的研究无法充分回答的问题：我们能否找出影响预期退休年龄的男性和女性职业履历的典型模式？职业履历的特定模式是否会导致老年时更有压力的社会心理工作环境？更有压力的社会心理工作环境是否会增强职业履历与预期提前退休（适度）之间的联系，或者这种环境是否会调解职业履历与预期退休年龄之间的联系？在劳动力市场退出方面，我们是否观察到类似的关联？健康状况不佳对预期退休年龄有何影响？living at work （lidA）研究提供了一个机会，通过对6000多名员工进行全国性的纵向调查，找到这些问题的答案。lidA将法定社会保险的历史数据与个人层面的两波（2011年和2014年）个人访谈数据相结合。社会保险数据允许计算职业履历，而调查数据包括关于健康、工作和非工作因素以及预期退休年龄的广泛信息。我对lidA数据的初步研究表明，社会经济地位指标与健康之间的关联是由社会心理因素（如压力大的工作环境、社会孤立）介导的。本研究的目的是调查社会经济地位和职业履历指标是否对健康以外的因素有影响，即对预期的提前退休有影响。预期的调查结果与就业和卫生政策高度相关。

The demographic transformation has reached great strata of German employees: they will retire in the next few years and the workforce will consequently shrink. Accordingly, it will be of increasing importance in the future to keep older employees actively involved in the labour market as long as possible. The motivation to work until one reaches the legal retirement age will play a decisive role in this scenario. Beside health, financial aspects and aspects related to partnership the psychosocial work environment has a major influence on the decision on the timing of retirement. Some of these aspects have a long-term impact on the intended retirement age. This impact starts early during the occupational biography and raises questions which cannot be adequately answered by current research in this field:1. Can we identify typical patterns of occupational biographies among men and women which influence the intended retirement age?2. Do specific patterns of occupational biographies lead to more stressful psychosocial work environments at later ages?3. Do more stressful psychosocial work environments enhance the association between occupational biographies and intended early retirement (moderation) or do such environments mediate the association between occupational biographies and intended retirement age? Do we observe similar associations with regard to labor market exit? What is the role of poor health regarding the intended retirement age?The living at work (lidA) study offers the opportunity to find answers to these questions with the help of a nationwide longitudinal investigation among initially more than 6000 employees. lidA combines historical data from the statutory social insurance with personal interview data from two waves (2011 and 2014) on the individual level. The social insurance data allow the computation of occupational biographies while the survey data comprise extensive information on health, work and non-work factors and on the intended retirement age. Own preliminary work with lidA data shows that the association between indicators of socioeconomic status and health is mediated by psychosocial factors (e.g. stressful work environments, social isolation). Aim of this study is to investigate whether or not indicators of socioeconomic status and of occupational biography have an impact beyond health, i.e. on the intended early retirement. The expected findings are highly relevant regarding employment and health policies.