Event Organization Within and Beyond Event Files

动作控制中的绑定和检索框架（BRAC， Frings等，2020）将影响瞬态刺激-反应（S-R）事件（即事件文件）整合和检索的过程系统化。在第一个资助阶段，我们分析了外部上下文在S-R结合和检索中的作用。我们发现，与被不同的语境分开相比，共享一个语境（即背景语调）可以加强S-R结合。这一发现表明了上下文在时间结构事件文件方面的力量，并且与事件分割框架非常相似（Zacks等人，2007），该框架假设人类将其日常经历分割为事件。事件的分割（例如，通过外部环境）被描述为一种适应性机制的副作用，这种机制整合了最近的过去来预测不久的将来。进一步假设每个事件具有层次结构。第二个资助阶段旨在加深我们对事件文件组织方式的理解，从而将我们对事件文件绑定和分割的见解与事件认知中已被证明控制事件分层组织的因素的知识联系起来。该项目追求三个目标：(1)通过分析不同情境条件下结合和检索的电生理相关因素，明确外部情境在BRAC框架中的作用。研究在启动、启动-探测间隔和探测期间的处理差异将揭示上下文分割对BRAC框架中描述的核心过程的影响程度。(2)我们将进一步研究事件组织因素——即空间位置和时间——及其在事件文件内外的分割作用。当事件文件的元素（刺激、响应）被时间距离等分割时，事件文件的整合可能会受到损害，从而导致绑定的后效较小。此外，大型事件（如质数探针序列）的组织可能通过一个公共位置得到便利。我们还尝试通过测试事件的边界（例如，它的开始）是否会影响同时发生的事件的组织来扩展可能的组织因素列表。(3)组织因素将检验空间负启动（NP）任务的结果是否可以在BRAC框架内解释。到目前为止，还没有发现听觉空间NP中事件文件绑定的证据。我们测试了这样一个概念，即在启动显示中，目标和干扰物的空间分离产生了两个单独的事件，反应只与目标有关。因此，随后重复的主要分心物位置并不能恢复主要反应。为了验证这一假设，将主要目标和干扰物的感知分组用于克服空间分割。

The Binding-and-Retrieval-in-Action-Control framework (BRAC, Frings et al., 2020) systematizes processes that influence the integration and retrieval of transient stimulus-response (S-R) episodes (i.e., event files). In the first funding phase, we analyzed the role of external context in S-R binding and retrieval. We showed that sharing a context (i.e., a background tone) as compared with being separated by different contexts can strengthen S-R binding. This finding indicates the power of context to temporally structure event files and has a close resemblance to the event segmentation framework (Zacks et al., 2007), which assumes that humans segment their everyday experiences into events. Segmentation of events (e.g., by means of external context) is described as a side effect of an adaptive mechanism that integrates the recent past to predict the near future. It is further assumed that each event has a hierarchical structure. The second funding phase aims at deepening our understanding of how event files are organized and thereby relates our insights on event file binding and segmentation with the knowledge about factors in event cognition that have been shown to govern the hierarchical organization of events.The project pursues three objectives:(1) The role of external context in the BRAC framework will be specified by analyzing electrophysiological correlates of binding and retrieval under varying context conditions. Investigating processing differences during the prime, the prime-probe interval, and the probe will reveal the level(s) at which segmentation by context influences the core processes described in the BRAC framework.(2) We will investigate further event organization factors — that is, spatial location and time — and their segmenting role within and beyond event files. The integration of an event file might be impaired when its elements (stimulus, response) are segmented by e.g.,temporal distance, resulting in smaller after-effects of binding. Moreover, the organization of larger events (such as prime-probe sequences) might be facilitated via a common location. We also try to extend the list of possible organization factors by testing whether the boundary of an event (e.g., its beginning) can influence the organization of simultaneously occurring events.(3) Organization factors will be employed to test whether findings from the spatial negative priming (NP) task can be explained within the BRAC framework. So far, no evidence of event-file binding in auditory spatial NP has been found. We test the notion that the spatial separation of target and distractor in the prime display creates two separate events with the response being exclusively bound with the target. Therefore, the subsequent repetition of the prime distractor location does not retrieve the prime response. To test this assumption, perceptual grouping of prime target and distractor will be employed to overcome the spatial segmentation.