THEORETICAL STUDIES OF ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION IN LIFE HISTORY SHCEDULES.

(1)研究了以季节性变化的可再生资源为食的单性昆虫的季节节律演化。如果摄食幼虫阶段的竞争很激烈，孵化和化蛹的不同步时间可能会进化。每天化蛹的时间往往比孵化的时间长得多。然而，如果食草性昆虫对食用植物的影响很小，它们可能是同步的。(2)研究了昆虫在季节环境中的游动演化。漫长的生长季节。卵子小，生长快，倾向于双生性或多生性而不是单生性。如果资源的可获得性在生长季开始时有一个高峰，然后缓慢下降，那么第一代幼虫往往比第二代幼虫有更大的化蛹大小和更短的取食期，这可能解释了有充分证据证明的季节性类型之间的大小差异。(3)与希伯来大学的丹·科恩教授合作，研究了微生物或陆地植物对介质中营养的竞争性吸收，这是植物之间的竞争博弈。(4)与莱顿大学的Patsy Haccou博士合作，研究了雄性蝴蝶在波动环境中进化稳定的羽化时间。男性可获得的信息在其决策过程中的重要性。发展了一种方法，从多年来两性的涌现数据的方差和协方差来推断男性在决策过程中的不确定性。

(1) The evolution of seasonal timing of univoltine insects living on seasonally chaging renewable resources is studied. If competition during feeding larval stages is intense, asynchronous timing of hatching and pupation may evolve. The period in which pupation occur every day tends to be much longer than the period in which hatching occurs. However they may be synchronous if the impact of herbivorous insects on the food plant is small.(2) The evolution of voltinism of insects in seasonal environments is studied. A long growing season. small egg size, and fast growth tends to favor bivoltinism or multivoltinism over univoltinism. If the resource availability has a peak in the begining of the growing season and declines slowly afterwards, then the first generation larbae tends to have a larger pupation size and a shorter feeding period than the second generation, which may explain well-documented size difference between seasonal types.(3) In collaboration with Professor Dan Cohen, Hebrew University, the competitive uptake of nutrients in the medium by microbes or by terrestrial plants is studied, It is a competitive game between plants.(4) Evolutionarily stable timing of emergence of male butterflies in a fluctuating environment is studied in collaboration with Dr. Patsy Haccou, Leiden University. The importance of the role of information available for males in their decision making. A method was developped to infer the uncertainty that males have in their decision making from variances and covariance of emergence data of both sexes over many years.