Living together or apart? Unravelling the development, internal organization and social structure of a complex Bronze Age tell settlement at Toboliu, western Romania

罗马尼亚西部的tobolu遗址是青铜时代早期晚期到中期（匈牙利年代学，公元前2300/2200-1500/1450年）喀尔巴阡盆地发展起来的古代定居点的代表。最近在该地区进行的研究极大地改变了我们对这些遗址的看法，揭示了土丘本身之外的定居活动，并证明了这些遗址是比迄今为止认为的更复杂的定居系统的一部分；这些系统由几个部分组成，它们在社会、时间和功能方面的相互关系有待研究。我们最近在tobolu的工作是为了支持这一青铜时代故事的新形象。从2014年开始进行的非侵入性调查（地形调查、系统实地考察、航空摄影和磁力计调查）揭示了一个复合遗址的存在，该遗址由一个中心丘、两个同心沟渠和一个大型外部定居点（约84公顷）组成。此外，通过2014年至2017年的挖掘，揭示了匈牙利MBA时期中央丘的演变及其完整的地层层序。我们在外聚落表面进行了系统的野外行走，只发现了MBA材料，从而证明了我们在地磁站点平面图中看到的异常（主要是房屋和坑）与土丘上的占领是同时代的。因此，该遗址提供了一个独特的机会，可以详细揭示青铜器时代的建筑及其周围的聚落是如何作为一个综合系统发展和运作的。尽管通过最近的调查取得了进展，但关于青铜器时代以外职业的结构和时间演变的信息仍然不足。因此，通过本项目规划的外部聚落调查，以及配套项目规划的多学科分析（结合地质考古、考古植物学和考古调查），我们有机会检验现有的理论模型，并在强大的经验基础上制定新的理论模型。所有计划的调查将以现有的高分辨率地磁站点平面图为基础。到目前为止，我们通过对土堆的挖掘所获得的结果将为即将进行的对开讲户和开讲户的比较提供坚实的基础。总而言之，该项目可以提供关于青铜器时代的广泛新信息，包括整个遗址结构的时间和空间发展，以及生存实践和社会经济发展。通过我们的多学科方法，我们的目标是揭示导致这类复杂聚落的发生、发展和随后衰落的因素之间的相互作用。

The site of Toboliu, western Romania, is representative of the tell settlements that developed in the Carpathian Basin during the late Early to Middle Bronze Age (Hungarian chronology, c. 2300/2200–1500/1450 BC). Recent research carried out in the region has dramatically changed our perception of these sites, revealing settlement activity beyond the mounds themselves and proving that tells were part of much more complex settlement systems then hitherto thought; these systems consisted of several parts whose relation vis-à vis each other in social, chronological and functional terms remains to be studied. Our recent work at Toboliu comes in support of this emerging image of Bronze Age tells. Non-invasive investigations conducted here starting with 2014 (topographic surveys, systematic field-walking, aerial photography and magnetometer survey) have revealed the existence of a composite site consisting of a central mound, two concentric ditches, and a large outer settlement (c. 84 ha). Moreover, the evolution of the central mound during the Hungarian MBA and its complete stratigraphic sequence have been revealed through excavations conducted between 2014 and 2017. Our systematic field-walk on the surface of the outer settlement led to the recovery of MBA material only, thus certifying that the anomalies we see in the geomagnetic site plan (mostly houses and pits) were contemporary with the occupation on the mound. Hence, this site offers a unique opportunity to uncover in detail how a Bronze Age tell together with its surrounding settlement developed and functioned as an integrated system. Despite the progress obtained through recent investigations, information on the structure and chronological evolution of occupation outside Bronze Age tells remains insufficient. Therefore, through the investigations of the outer settlement planned within this project, as well as with the help of the multidisciplinary analyses planned within the accompanying project (combining geoarchaeological, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations), we have the opportunity to test existing theoretical models, and formulate new ones based on a strong empirical foundation. All planned investigations will be based on the available high-resolution geomagnetic site plan. The results we obtained so far through excavations on the mound will provide a solid basis for upcoming comparisons between on-tell and off-tell households. Summing up, this project can offer a broad spectrum of new information about a Bronze Age tell in terms of the chronological and spatial development of the entire site structure, as well as subsistence practices and social and economic developments. Through our multidisciplinary approach, we aim to reveal the interplay of factors that contributed to the genesis, growth and subsequent decline of this type of complex settlement.