A Study on the History of Architecture Planning of Hospitals in Japan since 1860's.

自1860年S以来，日本的医院建筑可以分为五个时期，即医学院附属医院、军队医院、公立医院、专科医院和私立医院，其中医学院附属医院在日本最有影响力。这些医院建筑是在医学、护理、建筑技术等多种因素的影响下，根据与医院功能和运行机制的矛盾关系而发展起来的。医学院附属医院的发展可分为五个阶段，即萌芽阶段(1860年S-1867年)，形成阶段(全科诊所系统)(1868年-1877年)，专科阶段(专科诊所系统)(1878年-1893年)，系统阶段(1894年-1918年)，独立科室阶段(1919-1945年)。公立医院的发展可分为三个阶段，即非专科阶段(1868年-1887年)、专科阶段(1888年-1910年S)、体系化阶段(1910年S-1945年)。时间大约落后了一二十年。从1868年到1945年，军队医院在日本非常重要。明治时代，军队医院有三个重要的标准规划。大多数军队医院都是在这些标准的基础上系统建设的。伤员根据病情从小医院转到大医院。

We can classify Hospital Buildings in Japan since 1860's in five times, that is, Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools, Military Hospitals, Public Hospitals, Special Hospitals and Private Hospitals.The Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools have been the most influential in Japan. These hospital buildings has been developed according to the contradictory relations with hospital functions and operation systems under the influences of various elements, that is, the development of medical science, nursing, and architectyral technology.The development of Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools can be classified in five stages, that is, 1) Germinal Stage (1860's-1867), 2) Formative Stage ( the clinic systems for general medical practices )( 1868-1877 ), 3) Specialized Stage ( the clinic systems for special practices )( 1878-1893 ), 4) Systematic Stage ( 1894-1918 ), 5) Independent Department Stage ( 1919-1945 ). The development of Public Hospitals can be classified in three stages, that is, 1) Non-Specalized Stage ( 1868-1887 ), 2) Specialized Stage ( 1888-1910's ), 3) Systematic Stage ( 1910's-1945 ).The Public Hospitals had been developed under the influences of the Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools. Time was about ten or twenty years behind. Military Hospitals was very important in Japan from 1868 to 1945. Three important Standard Plannings for the Military Hospitals were made during the Meiji Era. Most of the Military Hospitals were constructed systematically based on these standards. The wounded soidiers were transferred from small to large Military Hospitals according to their desease.