The Reoientation of Japanese Economy from Expoet-Driven to Domestic Demand-Oriented Grouth and its Effect on Regional Economic Development

日本经济政策的主要目标是在20世纪80年代后半期和90年代初将经济从出口驱动型调整为内需驱动型增长。1986年4月发表的Mayekawa报告提出，通过改善生活质量来全面调整经济方向。自1985年中期以来，日元的快速升值推动了经济从出口驱动型增长转向内需驱动型增长。净出口(经常账户余额)大幅减少。自1986年以来，国内需求的实际增长速度快于国民生产总值。公共投资在1987-88年间大幅增加。宽松的货币政策在1986-87年刺激了住宅投资，随后是活跃的商业投资。宽松的货币政策通过降低借贷成本的直接影响和通过资产升值的间接影响刺激私人投资。私人消费增长的力量来源从高…转向更多的r收入工薪收入家庭和个体户，这可能反映了1987年的经济复苏，流向了工资上涨和就业快速增长的中低收入家庭但日本经济实力与其生活水平之间的差距并未缩小。自一九八五年底以来，土地价格急速上升，令市民的生活质素下降。公司和个人之间的贫富差距，那些已经拥有城市房地产的人和那些没有城市房地产的人之间的贫富差距急剧上升。在大都市地区，员工购买住房的可能性微乎其微。虽然其他主要国家的平均工作时间有所下降，但日本的平均工作时间在1975-1988年间增加了。这一增长是由于平均加班工作的增加。公司减少了固定雇佣，更多地依赖加班和兼职工人。日本每年的工作时间比其他主要国家长得多。政府在一九八八年订下目标，要在一九九二年财政年度结束前，将现时的每年平均工作时数减少2100小时至1800小时。1990年，年平均工作时数略有减少。这个目标似乎很难实现。由于许多公共投资用于工业设施，用于污水处理厂和公园等公共设施的支出一直不足。1990年6月发表的结构性障碍倡议的最后报告确定了一个目标，即将公共投资中用于公共设施的份额增加50%至54%，达到2000年之二的60%。这一目标似乎很难实现。实现这一目标的障碍是各部委和压力集团对公共投资份额变化的反对。较少

Major objective of Japanese economic policy has been the reorientation of the economy from export-driven to domestic demand-oriented growth in the second half of 1980s and the early 1990s. The Mayekawa Report published in April 1986 proposed a general reorientation of the economy through the improvement of the quality of life.The rapid appreciation of yen since mid-1985 has contributed to the reorientation of the ecnomy from export-driven to domestic demand-oriented growth. Net export (current account balance) has reduced dramatically. Since 1986 domestic demand expanded rapidly than GNP in real term.Public investment was increased significantly in 1987-88. Easy monetary policy stimulated residential investment in 1986-87, followed by buoyant business investemnt. Easy monetary policy stimulated private investment both through direct effects of lowering the cost of borrowing and indirectly throughasset appreciation. The origin of strength of private consumption growth shifted from highe … More r income wage earnre's and self-employed households, which had led the recovery in 1987, probably reflecting wealth effects, to middle and lower income households with rising wages and rapid employment growthBut the gap between Japan's economic strength and its standard of living has not curtailed. Rapid increase in land price sine the end of 1985 has deteriorated the quality of life. The wealth disparity between firms and persons, those who already own urban real estate and those who do not has risen dramatically. In the metropolitan area there is a remote possibility that a employee purchases a housing.While average hours worked declined in other major countries, they increased in 1975-1988 in Japan. This increase was due to a rise in average overtime worked. Firms has minimized regular employment and depended more on overtime work and part-time workers. Annual hours worked in Japan is much longer than in other major countries. In 1988 the Government set a target for reducing average annual hours worked currently 2 100 to 1 800 by the end of FY 1992. In 1990 average annual hours worked decreaced slightly. It seems difficult to realize the target.With many public investment used for industrial facilities, spending for public amenities, such as sewage plants and parks has been insufficient. The Final Report of the Structural Impediments Initiative published in June 1990 set a target for increasing the share of public investment used for public amenities currently 50-54 per cent to 60 pet cent bis 2000. It seems difficult to realize the target. The impediment to realize the target is the opposition of the ministries and pressure groups to the change of share of public investmet. Less