Voluntary Participation in the Two German Dictatorships

本课题通过分别研究国家社会主义时期和民主德国时期的自愿参与，探讨了世纪两次德国统治时期国家行政机关的职员是如何自愿遵守制度的。虽然参与通常等同于意识形态信念，但这一假设不仅掩盖了广泛的动机，而且掩盖了这些组织的规则和日常现实所固有的矛盾。相比之下，这个子项目是基于“本征-Sinn”（Lüdtke）的概念，并使用面向主题的方法来阐明个人的解释。根据米歇尔·福柯的治理概念，该子项目特别关注在这些强制和暴力的背景下，外部规则和自治之间的关系。当暴力强制服从被认为是合法的，在这种情况下的志愿活动的概念本身就受到质疑，该分项目追求四个目标：第一，它增加了标准的方法来研究行政的政治和组织的历史，包括作为一个层次的分析，这往往被指定为一个迫切需要的行为者的主观分析。其次，结合已经涉及到个人动机问题的反抗活动研究，本子项目将为独裁统治下的行为动机问题开辟一个更广阔的、不同的视角，从而丰富该领域现有的学术研究背景。第三，该子项目通过使各种-部分是长期存在的-知识秩序和权力逻辑可见，增加了围绕两个德国属地“新国家”概念的辩论。第四，该分项目是检验本研究小组的方法是否适用于研究契约的试金石。独裁和民主社会组织内部的差异和相似之处可以通过使用非自愿性的方法更清楚地辨别出来。该子项目考察非自愿性对独裁统治的规范秩序的相关性，作为个人行动中自我效能的资源，以及作为战略自我风格化的形式。为此，出版和未出版的材料，从历史上的行政文化的讨论将评估关于非自愿性的规范性权力的参考。然后将结果与区域和地方案例研究进行比较。官僚来源的形式主义特征提出了方法上的挑战。因此，该次级项目将侧重于冲突和异常的组合，这明确反映了澄清规范和做法的过程。此外，还将包括对这些案件持后独裁观点的消息来源。

This project focuses on how employees of the state administration voluntarily conformed to the system during each of the two German dictatorships in the 20th century, by separately studying voluntary participation under National Socialism and in the GDR. Although participation is usually equated to ideological conviction, this assumption obscures not only the broad spectrum of motivations but also the antinomies inherent to the rule and everyday reality of these dictatorships. In contrast, this subproject is based on the concept of "Eigen-Sinn" (Lüdtke) and uses a subject-oriented approach to illuminate individual interpretations. Following Michel Foucault's conception of governmentality, the subproject pays particular attention to the relationship between external rule and self-government in the context of the coercion and violence of these dictatorships. When the violent enforcement of compliance is deemed to be legitimate, the very concept of voluntary activity under such conditions comes into question.The subproject pursues four goals: First, it adds to standard approaches to research into the political and organizational history of administration by including the subjective analysis of the actors involved as a level of analysis, which has often been designated as a desideratum. Secondly, combined with the research to resistance activities, which already engages with the problem of individual motivation, the subproject will open up a broader and different view into the motives for behavior under dictatorial rule and thus add to the existing context of academic research in this field. Thirdly, the subproject adds to debates surrounding the concept of a “new statehood” in the two German dictatorships by making visible various—and in part long-standing—orders of knowledge and logics of power. Fourthly, the subproject is a touchstone for the applicability of this research group's approach to the study of dictatorships. Differences and similarities within the social organization of dictatorship and democracy can be discerned more clearly by using the approach of voluntariness.The subproject examines the relevance of voluntariness for the normative order of authoritarian rule, as a resource for self-efficacy in individual action, and as a form of strategic self-stylization. To this end, published and unpublished material from the historical discussion on administrative culture will be evaluated with regard to references to the normative power of voluntariness. The results will then be compared with regional and local case studies. The formalistic character of bureaucratic sources presents a methodological challenge. Therefore, the subproject will focus on conflicts and unusual constellations, which explicitly reflect processes of clarifying norms and practices. Additionally, sources with a post-dictatorial point of view regarding these cases will also be included.