TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: ISSUES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN MALAYSIA, INDONESIA, INDIA AND SRI LANKA

这项研究是一个为期三年的项目，其重点是印度、斯里兰卡、马来西亚和印度尼西亚通过促进外国投资实现经济发展和技术转让的相关问题。马来西亚和斯里兰卡的经济发展政策对外国投资相当开放，而印度和印度尼西亚的经济发展政策似乎有些“封闭”。这些政策的出台显示了东南亚和南亚的时差，东南亚已经走在了前面，振兴停滞不前的经济部门和引进更高水平的新技术可以确定为出台这些政策的两个主要目标。从这些国家的角度来看，他们已经出台了各种专门的法律来处理来自国外的投资，同时还为进入的外国投资者提供了慷慨的“激励方案”。通过提供这些激励措施，他们预计将“注销”通常需要的收益…。更多的形式是公司税或进出口税。然而，除非在外国企业和当地企业之间建立牢固的联系，否则从长远来看，收回这些“费用”可能是不可能的。与当地公司相比，建立这种联系的可能性可能取决于技术的类型和水平。虽然现在的发展中国家正在通过从国外吸引跨国公司来寻找高技术类型的技术，但仅仅是跨国公司在一个国家的存在并不能确保技术将转移到当地社会。劳工可以被确定为另一个与研究主题相关的重要问题。日本等投资国家和相应的跨国公司采取各种措施，通过在当地和日本推出各种培训计划，帮助当地劳动力提高知识水平，并启动了一些相互合作的计划。然而，今天可以发现，这些国家之间在吸引越来越多的外国投资方面存在过度竞争，而不是它们的同行。由于这种过度竞争，每个国家都在努力向潜在的外国投资者提供更好的激励措施，如果解决不好，这些激励措施最终可能会导致大量收入损失。除非东道国政府和新来的跨国公司充分重视上述问题，否则依赖外国投资的经济政策的可持续性可能得不到保证。因此，一个重要的问题仍然没有得到回答，即在多大程度上收回了发展中国家为提供这种特别奖励而产生的费用。研究人员希望在未来的研究中解决这个问题。较少

This study was concluded as a three-year project by focusing India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia on issues related to economic development and technology transfer through the promotion of investment from abroad. Economic development policies of Malaysia and Sri Lanka are quite open for foreign investment while those of India and Indonesia seem to be somewhat "closed". The adoption of such policies show a time difference between Southeast and South Asia and, the Southeast Asia had taken the lead.Vitalizing stagnant economic sectors and introducing new and higher levels of technologies may be identified as two of the major objectives of introducing these policies. From the points of view of these countries, they have introduced a variety of specific laws to deal with investment from abroad along with the provision of generous "incentive packages" for incoming foreign investors By offering these incentives, they are expected to "write-off" badly-needed earnings that may usually recei … More ve in the form of corporate taxes or import/export taxes. However, recovering of those "expenses" may not be made possible on the long term unless strong linkages between foreign and local enterprises are created. Possibilities for creating such linkages may depend on the type and level of technology when compared with those of the local firms. Though the developing countries nowadays are looking for hi-tech type technology by inviting TNCs from abroad, a mere presence of the TNCs in a country alone may not ensure that the technologies will be transferred to the local society. Labor can be identified as another important issue related to the research topic. Investor countries like Japan and corresponding TNCs have taken various steps to assisting for the knowledge upgrading of local labor through the introduction of various training programs, both locally and in Japan.Furthermore, these countries have initiated some programs to work collaboratively with each other. Nevertheless an excessive type of competition among these countries can be identified today for attracting more and more foreign investment compared to their counterparts. Due to such over-competition, each country have been trying to offer better incentives to prospective foreign investors which may ultimately end up with a loss of significant amount of income unless tackled properly. Sustainability of the foreign investment relied economic policies may not be ensured unless the host country governments as well as the incoming TNCs pay sufficient attention to the above issues. An important issue remains unanswered, therefore, as to what extent the costs incurred by the developing countries in providing such special incentives have been recovered. Researchers expect to address this issue in future studies. Less