Lawyers training and legal education during the 19th/20th centuries in five countries(Germany,England,Japan,France and USA)

本研究以德国、英国、日本、法国和美国五个国家近200年来的律师培训和学术法律教育制度为研究对象，试图从它们各自的“历史类型”(黑田东彦，“律师教育的历史类型”)中推断出它们各自的“历史类型”，并考察它们是如何由国家和法律的特殊情况、社会结构-历史基础，特别是这些国家律师协会的每一个特征决定的。为此目的，通过注意各国历史上的历史机构及其改革运动，对法律教育和律师培训的历史材料和文献进行了调查和说明。作为历史的特殊研究对象，黑田东彦研究了美国法学院作为律师培训中心的兴起与律师协会的关系，以及关于德国制度的Gneist的自由倡导者命题及其在《柏林的法律》中的实现。福考考察了19世纪末英国法律教育改革运动的流产。野上和三阪询问了法国大革命以来改革的律师和地方法官。三坂和黑田东彦通过与西方法学教育的比较，对日本近代化法律教育进行了研究。我们都经常在一起会面和讨论，有时还会与其他法律历史学家和执业律师会面。本研究项目的成果将于6.2002/10月5日在日本法学史协会年会上发表，为期一天。

In this research project treating of the lawyers training and academic legal education systems during the last 200 years in five countries (Germany, England, Japan, France and USA, we tried to deduce each ' historical type' from them (Kuroda, ' Historical Types of Lawyers Education') and to examine how it was determined by the special situation of state and law, socio-structure-historical basis, especially each character of bar association in such countries. Historical materials and literature for legal education and lawyers training were investigated and elucidated for that purpose, by taking notice of historical institutions and their reform movements in the history of each countries. As historical special resarch subjects, Kuroda made researches the rise of American law schools as a center of lawyers training in relation to bar associations and as concerns German system the Gneist's proposition of 'free advocates' and its realization in the 'Juristische Gesellschaft in Berlin'. Fukao inquired into the miscarried reform movement of english legal education in the late 19th century. Nogami and Misaka inquired French bar and magistrates in reformation since the Revolution. Misaka and Kuroda did research on Japanese legal education in modernization by comparison with western counterparts. We all have often met and discussed together, sometimes with other legal historians and practicing lawyers. The result of this research project will be presented in the one-day-symposium in the annual conference of Japan Legal HistoryAssociation on October 5./6.2002 and published.