Norms of Visual Self-Presentation for Adolescents' Identity Performance. Norm Negotiation, Norm Sanctioning, Norm Change, and Norm Effects on Instagram and Snapchat

社交媒体平台的使用不断融入青少年的日常生活。社交媒体平台对他们的身份表现变得越来越重要。在社交媒体平台中，Instagram和Snapchat因其基于图形和图像的特点而脱颖而出——它们注定要以视觉方式自我展示。通过在Instagram和Snapchat上分享经过美学和视觉编辑的图片和视频，青少年可以为自己创造一个特定的印象。此外，通过关注特定的个人和组织，并为他们的帖子和照片点赞，他们也可以为自己传达的印象做出贡献。在这里，规范作为行为模式。因此，本研究项目旨在证明14-16岁青少年身份表现中的规范对其在Instagram和Snapchat上的视觉自我呈现的影响。为此，本文分析了在与近端参照群体和远端参照群体互动过程中，个人规范和社会规范的协商、制裁、改变和影响。从理论上将Instagram和Snapchat上的视觉自我呈现作为一种前台和后台的表演，并将其与社会和个人规范的研究联系起来，有助于理论的进一步发展。通过对自我的多个方面和近端参照群体和远端参照群体概念的研究，Goffman的自我呈现概念得到了扩展。此外，该研究项目通过涵盖远端参照群体和从理论上结合多个主体来扩展社会化研究。多方法研究项目通过捕捉青少年在Instagram和Snapchat上的规范协商、制裁、变化和影响的整个过程，扩展了研究的实证状态。因此，本研究系统且全面地评估规范对青少年认同建构的正面与负面影响。本研究包括三个子课题：1)研究近端参照群体和远端参照群体对规范协商和规范制裁的意义。为此，我们对20个青少年网络、两个朋友、父母和老师进行了指导性访谈。2)研究了视觉自我呈现的描述性规范和命令性规范与不同类型自我呈现之间的相互作用和变化。为此目的，对1 000名青少年进行了一项标准化的、有代表性的调查，在学生家中通过计算机辅助的个人访谈实现。3)评估了视觉自我呈现的显著性命令规范对自我多面呈现的影响。为此，对250名青少年进行了一项实验研究。

The use of social media platforms is constantly being integrated into the daily lives of adolescents. Social media platforms have become increasingly important for their identity performance. Among social media platforms, Instagram and Snapchat stand out due to their graphic, image-based character – they are predestinated for visual self-presentation. By sharing aesthetic and visually edited images and videos on Instagram and Snapchat, adolescents can create a specific impression of themselves. In addition, by following specific persons and organizations and by liking their posts and photos, they can also contribute to the impression they communicate of themselves. Here, norms serve as modes of conduct.Therefore, the present research project aims at demonstrating the influence of norms during identity performance of 14-16-year-old adolescents on their visual self-presentation on Instagram and Snapchat. To this end, the negotiation, sanctioning, change, and effects of personal and social norms in interaction with proximal and distal reference groups are analyzed. It contributes to the further development of theory by theoretically founding visual self-presentation on Instagram and Snapchat as a performance on the frontstage and backstage and linking it with research on social and personal norms. Goffman's concept of self-presentation is expanded by research on multiple facets of the self and the concept of proximal and distal reference groups. In addition, the research project expands socialization research by encompassing distal reference groups and by theoretically combining multiple agents. The multi-methodical research project expands the empirical state of research by capturing the entire process of norm negotiation, sanctioning, change, and effect on Instagram and Snapchat among adolescents. Thus, the positive and negative consequences of norms for adolescents' identity construction are systematically and comprehensively assessed.The research project comprises three sub-projects: 1) It deals with the significance of proximal and distal reference groups for norm negotiation and norm sanctioning. For this purpose, guided interviews are conducted with 20 networks of adolescents, two friends, parents, and teachers. 2) It investigates the interplay and change between descriptive and injunctive norms of visual self-presentation and different types of self-presentation. For this purpose, a standardized, representative survey with 1,000 adolescents is conducted, realized as a computer assisted personal interview in the pupils’ homes. 3) It assesses the effects of salient injunctive norms of visual self-presentation on the presentation of multiple facets of the self. For this purpose, an experimental study with 250 adolescents is conducted.