Excavation of the shaft tombs and underground tombs at Tyre in Lebanon

该项目的主题是挖掘黎巴嫩提尔的竖墓和地下墓穴(地下墓穴)。2002年和2003年，我们在提尔Borj Ech Chemali镇的Ramali 200地区成功挖掘了三个带有竖井的地下墓穴，并在Ramali 199地区成功挖掘了一个地下墓穴。我们还对挖掘面积及周边进行了调查测量，最终在Ramali 200地区和Ramali 198地区地下墓穴周围发现了数十处地下，地表有石棺和石器采石场。TJ04墓壁画环境的考古和保护研究是在2002-04年间进行的。研究结果如下：1.地下竖井墓葬看似属于腓尼基时代，但在我们的发掘中，我们发现了属于3个世纪的罗马材料。我们认为这些陵墓由于体积小，将腓尼基人的传统保留到了罗马时代。他们似乎也是腓尼基人的传统，他们用木制、兵马俑或铅制棺材埋葬身体。2.我们通过1993年在地下墓穴的洞穴中发现的厄洛斯和狄俄尼修斯的兵马俑实现了古代泰罗人的葬礼习俗。3.对希腊化的泰尔人双耳壁画的年代学研究是独一无二的。4.对壁画的传记研究表明，在东地中海沿海地区有人类的想法。5.对唐娜女神的符号的研究似乎是如此富有成果，以至于它清楚地表明，它起源于泰罗斯人而不是卡萨奇人。

The Subject of this project is the excavation of shaft tombs and underground tombs (hypogeum) at Tyre in Lebanon. In 2002 and 2003 we successfully excavated three underground tombs with a shaft at the Ramali 200 Area in the town of Borj Ech Chemali in Tyre, and one underground tomb at the Ramali 199 Area. We also surveyed and measured the excavated area and the around, and finally discovered tens undergrounds, stone sarcophagi on the ground surface and stone quarries in the area around the underground tombs at the Ramali 200 Area and Ramali 198 Area. The archaeological research and conservation study of the environment of the frescos in the Tomb TJ04 were done in the year 2002-04. The outlines of the results are follows :1.The underground tombs with shaft seemed to belong to Phoenician age, but in our excavation we found Roman materials which belonged to 1^<st> to 3^<rd> century in the loculi. We suppose that the tombs kept the Phoenician traditions to Roman Time because of the small sizes. And it seemed also the Phoenician tradition that they buried the bodies in the loculi with wooden, terracotta or lead-made coffins.2.We realize the funerary practice in Ancient Tyros by terracotta figurines of Eros and Dionysius which were discovered in the loculous of the underground tomb in R.199.3.The study of chronology of the Hellenistic Tyrian amphorae is unique.4.Iconographical study of the frescos suggests the idea of mortal in the east Mediterranean coastal area.5.The study of the sign of the Goddess Tanit seems to be so fruitful that it makes clear that Tanit was originated in Tyros not in Carthage.