Internalized equality: Antecedents and consequences of self-respect

自尊是一个经常在其他科学学科（如哲学）中讨论的概念;然而，在心理学中，它一直被忽视到现在。主要研究者最近提出的一个定义填补了这一空白，将自尊定义为一个人作为平等权利拥有者的内在信念。本研究探讨了自尊的前因和后果，沿着提出了四个核心实证问题：（1）自尊如何被有效地测量，以及随着时间的推移它有多稳定？(2)基于平等的尊重，即从不同来源（制度或个人环境）受到同等价值的人的认真对待，在多大程度上是自尊的先决条件？(3)从经验上可以发现自尊的哪些具体后果？相关研究已经表明，自尊与自信行为有关。因此，自尊意味着理解与个人权利有关的权利（个人权利感）。此外，现在将调查自尊（作为平等待遇的内在化）是否也与集体权利感有关，即与保护或积极支持他人权利的责任感有关。高度的自尊应与亲社会性、可持续性思维和对人权的积极态度积极联系在一起。(4)自尊是否有助于分析相邻模型的个体先决条件，例如，宽容的不赞成-尊重模型？一方面，自尊被认为是尊重和容忍他人的意愿的预测指标，即使他们的生活方式是不赞成的。另一方面，自尊可以帮助检查容忍的限度，因为自尊应该促进正当拒绝的行为，只要第三方的权利受到侵犯。这四个问题的帮助下，学生和非学生，国家和国际样本的五个横向和纵向研究进行了检查。此外，四个实验研究致力于尊重和自尊之间的因果关系，一方面和自尊和（同时）感知个人和集体的权利感。人们认为，高水平的自尊会产生一种集体权利感，这种集体权利感会抑制个人权利感。因此，自尊的概念有助于理解在意见不一的多元社会中，如何以社会和谐的方式传达个人对自己权利的信念。

Self-respect is a construct often discussed in other scientific disciplines (e.g. philosophy); in psychology, however, it has been largely neglected until now. A definition recently proposed by the principal investigator fills this gap and defines self-respect as the internalized conviction of an individual to be the owner of equal rights. The present project addresses the antecedents and consequences of self-respect along four central empirical questions: (1) How can self-respect be validly measured and how stable is it over time? (2) To what extent does equality-based respect, i.e. treatment as someone of equal worth who is taken seriously, from different sources (system or personal environment), represent the precondition for self-respect? (3) What specific consequences of self-respect can be empirically found? It has already been correlatively shown that self-respect is related to assertive behavior. Thus, self-respect implies an understanding of entitlement in relation to individual rights (sense of individual entitlement). In addition, it will now be investigated whether self-respect (as the internalization of equal treatment) is also associated with a sense of collective entitlement, i.e. with a perceived duty to protect or actively support the rights of others. A high level of self-respect should be positively associated with prosociality, sustainability thinking and a positive attitude to human rights. (4) Can self-respect contribute to analyzing the individual prerequisites of neighboring models, for example, the disapproval-respect model of tolerance? Self-respect is proposed on the one hand as a predictor of the willingness to respect and tolerate others, even if their ways of life are disapproved of. On the other hand, self-respect can help to examine limits of tolerance, since self-respect should promote the justified rejection of behavior as soon as the rights of third parties are violated.The four questions are examined with the help of five cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with student and non-student, national and international samples. In addition, four experimental studies are devoted to the causal relationships between respect and self-respect on the one hand and self-respect and the (simultaneous) perception of an individual and collective sense of entitlement on the other. It is assumed that a high level of self-respect results in a sense of collective entitlement that curbs the sense of individual entitlement. The construct self-respect thus contributes to the understanding of how in plural societies with diverse opinions the individual conviction of one's own entitlement can be communicated in a socially harmonious way.