Effects of economic development on cropping system and the sustainable use of plant resources

城市化和工业化已经改变了印尼的农业，农民已经停止种植木薯和魔芋，这些作物以前被用作大米的替代品。因此，遗传资源正在从印度尼西亚的传统种植系统中消失。传统的种植制度，如Pekarangan和Tunpansari，已经从社会学和经济学两方面进行了研究。然而，这些传统种植系统中栽培植物的遗传多样性尚未得到研究。印尼政府已决定保护这些作物，并打算将它们用于工业用途。在本研究中，我们调查了农民种植的木薯品种的变化，发现许多适合粮食但产量低的地方品种在水稻产量增加后由于绿色革命而失去了。其次，利用形态特征阐明了魔芋属植物的遗传多样性。象脚山药（Amorphophallus paeoniiolius）由于耐弱光强和低肥力，在家庭花园中作为地层作物种植。目前，象脚山药作为粮食作物的作用不大。然而，它们有潜力成为一种工业作物，因为它们可以在种植园作物的树冠下种植。主成分分析结果表明，植物可分为A ~ E 5个类群。生长生境与类群间的关系表明，植物类群可分为低地（A、B和E）和高地(c)两种生态型。不同品种的球茎中蔗糖和淀粉含量差异较大，但碳水化合物含量与植物形态特征的分类似乎不太相关。

Urbanization and industrialization have changed Indonesian agriculture, in such a way that farmers have stopped cultivating cassava and Amorphophallus species which were previously used as substitutes for rice. Therefore, genetic resources are disappearing from the traditional cropping systems in Indonesia. Traditional cropping systems such as Pekarangan and Tunpansari have been studied both sociologically and economically. However, genetic diversity of cultivated plants in these traditional cropping systems have yet to be studied. The Indonesian government has decided to conserve these crops and intend to use them for industrial purposes. In this study, we investigated the changes in cassava varieties which farmers have grown, and found that many local varieties which are suitable for food but low yield have lost after rice production increased due to the green revolution. Secondly, we clarified the genetic diversity of Amorphophallus species using morphological characters. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yams) are grown as ground-layer crops in home gardens because they are tolerant to low light intensities and low fertility. Elephant foot yams play a minor role as food crops at the present time. However, they have potential as an industrial crop because they can be cultivated under the canopy of plantation crops. Principal component analysis showed that accessions were divided into five groups, A to E. Relationships between the growth habitats and groups classified by principal component analysis show that groups could be divided into two ecotypes, which are adapted to lowlands (A, B and E) and to uplands c. Sucrose and starch concentrations in corms varied largely among accessions, but iseems unlikely that carbohydrate concentrations are related to the classification based on morphological characters.