Evolution of host plant utilization patterns in herbivorous insects viewed from molecular phylogenies of plants and herbivores

我们用分子系统发育技术研究了这些植物及其食草动物的多样性的历史和过程。我们收集了来自日本、台湾、缅甸、马来西亚、澳大利亚、斐济、新喀里多尼亚和智利的各类草食动物及其寄主植物进行了分析。我们调查的昆虫类群如下：(1)双翅目(食虫科、叶蜂科、鳞翅目)、鳞翅目(叶蜂科、叶蜂科、小翅虫科)和鞘翅目的潜叶虫；(2)叶蜂科的种子寄生虫；(3)传粉者(蜜蜂和其他各种昆虫)。利用苏铁类植物的大孢子叶和枯叶幼虫采食苏铁幼虫。这是天牛的首次记录。我在京都阿舒市的蛇形石杉(石杉科)的小叶上发现了双翅目挖叶昆虫。在对种子寄生昆虫的研究中，我们发现了一种新的专性授粉互惠关系。在互惠共生中，Glochidion树只通过寄生在发育中的种子中的小的、特定物种的细毛虫来主动授粉。植物和种子寄生传粉者都经历了互惠的多样性，保持了高度的寄主专一性和互惠作用。该系统是涉及相互多样化的专性授粉互惠的第三个例子，可与无花果-丝兰-丝兰蛾互惠相提并论。我们还研究了山上天然草地生态系统中群落水平的植物-传粉者的相互作用。鱼夫。草原生态系统是日本最濒危的陆地栖息地之一。我们首次详细描述了草原植物与传粉者之间的相互作用。

We investigate the history and process of diversification of both the plants and their herbivores by using molecular phylogenetic techniques. We collected various groups of herbivores and their host plants from Japan, Taiwan, Burma, Malaysia, Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia and Chile for the analyses. The insect groups which we investigated are as follows: (1) leaf-miners of Diptera (Agromyzidae, Tephritidae, Pallopteridae), Lepidoptera (Gracillariidae, Agathiphagidae, Micropterigidae) and Coleoptera, (2) Seed-parasites of Gracillariidae, (3) pollinators (Apidae and other various insects).We found some interesting plant-herbivore interactions on primitive plant clades. Larvae of Mimectatina meridiana ohirai (Cerambycidae) were found mining megasporophylls and dead frond rachises of cycads. This is the first record of the cerambycid leaf-miner. I found dipteran leaf-miners on microphylls of Huperzia serratium (Lycopodiaceae) at Ashu, Kyoto. This is the first record of dipteran hervigores in Licopodiales.When studying seed-parasitic insects, we found a novel obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion trees and its seed-parasitic gracillariid moths. In the mutualism, Glochidion trees are actively pollinated only by small, species-specific gracillariid moths which are parasitic in the developing seeds. Both the plants and seed-parasitic pollinators have experienced reciprocal diversification by maintaining their high host-specificity and mutualistic interaction. The system id the third example of obligate pollination mutualism which involves reciprocal diversification, and is comparable with the Fig-figwasp, Yucca-yucca moth mutualisms.We also investigated community-level plant-pollinator interactions at a natural grassland ecosystem at Mt. Yufu. Grassland ecosystem is one of the most endangered terrestrial habitats in Japan. We described detailed interactions between grassland plants and their pollinators for the first time.