Institutional Analysis of Scholarly Communication

我们对日本的一些学术出版商进行了比较案例研究，以考察学术界和出版界之间的机构间关系。以下是我们研究的四个主要发现。学术出版商的内在困境。我们发现，学术出版商的活动中存在两套矛盾，即文化vs.商业，工艺vs.官僚主义。组织认同的内部矛盾。上述矛盾可以有意义地概念化为四种组织身份之间的矛盾：文化机构、企业、工艺、官僚。组织认同与制度逻辑。组织身份的多样性与学术出版者所属组织领域或社会世界的多样性密切相关。多重组织身份与决策过程。“出版哪本书”的决策过程与四种组织认同的相对权重之间存在着密切的关系。学术出版商是一个看门人或“边界扳手”，在多个组织领域之间提供桥梁，包括学术界，读者和商业公司的世界。出版人在承受社会世界特有的各种制度逻辑的交叉压力的同时，有时也扮演着重构学术传播的制度企业家的角色。

We have been engaged in a comparative case study of a number of scholarly publishers in Japan in order to examine the inter-institutional relationships between the academic world and the publishing world. The following are four major findings of our research1. Inherent Dilemma of Scholarly Publishers.We found that two sets of contradictions are built into the activities of scholarly publishers i.e., culture vs. commerce, craft vs. bureaucracy.2. Internal Contradiction amonu Organizational Identities.The above contradictions can be meaningfully conceptualized as contradictions among four types of organizational identities cultural institution, business, craft, bureaucracy.3. Organizational Identities and Institutional Logics.The multiplicity of organizational identities is closely related to the multiplicity of organizational fields or social worlds to which a scholarly publisher belongs.4.Multiple Organizational Identities and Decision-making Process.There exists a close relationship between the decision-making__process as to "which books to publish" and relative weights among the four types of organizational identities.A scholarly publisher is a gatekeeper or a "boundary spanner" that provides bridges among the multiple organizational fields, including worlds of academicians, of readers, and of business firms. While a publisher often suffers from cross pressures of different institutional logics characteristic of the social worlds, it also sometimes serves as an institutional entrepreneur who contributes to the reconfiguration of the scholarly communication.