International Conparative Research for the Supporting System in an Industrial District

日本、美国、欧盟等国已经开展了关于产业区集聚或集群的研究。根据国际比较调查，对产业集聚的支持服务大致可分为四类：1.道路、工业综合体、水处理等基础设施的形成；2.技术创新的支持体系，如研发、技术诀窍的收集与传播、技术转让等；3.营销、财务、劳务、技术等咨询服务.4.人员培训和教育--因此，在这5年里，支持组织和支持服务在全球范围内发生了很大的转变。为了保持和增强产业聚集的竞争力，研发和技术创新是不可或缺的现象。在日本，正在推进对一所大学或一所公共…的智力集群支持以更成熟的研究机构为核心。这里面的问题是，该机构既没有足够的人才，也没有足够的研究资源和一所大学。产业界、学术界和政府的合作也没有充分发挥作用。虽然产业集聚的本质是一个公司的网络，即外部性，但产业集聚的政策必须考虑到这个概念。产业积累的研究成果是基于这样一个方向而利用的，但这并不是什么大不了的事情。在欧盟，产业政策和支持组织在里斯本宣言的基础上进行了重大转变。对技术创新或研发的支持力度是有导向的。它在每个欧共体国家和地区推进特定产业领域的技术创新，并在全国范围内进行人才培养。每一次都将重点放在地方层面的技术创新或研发上。欧盟层面的交流与合作旨在超越一个国家。虽然短期内可能不会有结果，但从中长期来看，这种措施的效果是可以预期的。另一方面，在美国，知识集群主要是由大学或研究机构形成的。支持服务由市场和非营利组织(或社会企业家)提供。较少

The research on industrial districts accumulations or clusters has been carried out about Japan, the United States, and EU. According to the international comparison investigation, the support service to industrial accumulation can roughly be classified into four types.1.Formulation of infrastructures, such as a road, an industrial complex, and water disposal etc.2.Support system of technical innovation, such as research and development, collection and spread of technical know-how, and technology transfer etc.3.Consultancy on marketing, financial affairs, labor, and technology etc.4.Personnel training and educationThus, in these five years, support organization and support service were converted greatly globally. The phenomenon research and development and technical innovation are indispensable in order to maintain and strengthen the competitive power of industrial accumulation are seen globally.In Japan, it is going to advance intellectual cluster support for a university or a public … More established research institution as a core. It is inside about that the institution holds neither sufficient talented people nor research resources and a university. The industry, academia and government cooperation is not also fully functioning. Though the essence of industrial accumulation is a network of a company, namely externality, the concept is necessary to be taken into consideration for the policies for industrial accumulation. The result of research of industrial accumulation is utilized for the sake based on such a direction, but there is nothing to it.In EU, industrial policy and support organization are greatly converted based on the Lisbon declaration. The measure of the support for technical innovation or research and development is oriented. It is advancing technical innovation in the specific industrial field in every EC country and region, and the personnel training which crossed the country. It is each while moving importance to technical innovation or research and development on a local level. The exchange and cooperation beyond a country on the EU level are aimed at. Although a result may not come out for a short period of time, it is expected on a mid- and long-term basis that the effect of such a measure is born.On the other, in the United States, a knowledge-based cluster is formed mainly by university or the research institution. Support services are supplied by markets and NPO (or social entrepreneurs). Less