Diversity and biotic interactions of bees and wasps along a forest elevational gradient in the Peruvian Andes

海拔气候梯度是了解生物多样性驱动因素和气候变化可能影响的强大生态模型系统。然而，大多数地理区域缺乏考虑到多种昆虫分类群的多样性、特征和发生、生物相互作用和环境因素的严格设计的研究。ANDIV 3将利用全球生物多样性热点秘鲁南部海拔250-3350米的独特自然森林梯度，研究蜜蜂和黄蜂的多样性模式和生物相互作用。对蜜蜂和黄蜂的物种丰富度、丰度、形态和生理特征以及互利和拮抗生物相互作用的实地观察和实验将与功能群、储存的花粉和节肢动物猎物的强烈（Meta）条形码相结合。蜜蜂和黄蜂的多样性，植物授粉和主机拮抗剂的相互作用将进行研究与样带观察，陷阱巢和锅陷阱在旱季和雨季的30个研究地点。与ANDIV 4合作，将评估蜜蜂和黄蜂与微生物群落的隐藏相互作用。研究结果将有助于检验关于自下而上的资源限制、自上而下的控制以及温度和降水作为生物多样性模式驱动因素的相互作用的一般假设。与其他三个关于蛾，粪昆虫和微生物群落的ANDIV项目一起，该项目将允许综合数据分析，以提高对全变态昆虫多样性，群落组装，性状和相互作用网络驱动因素的理解。ANDIV 3将通过与秘鲁对应伙伴的密切合作，促进知识转让和科学培训。

Elevational climatic gradients are powerful ecological model systems to understand drivers of biodiversity and possible impacts of climate change. However, rigorously designed studies taking into account the diversity, traits and phylogeny of multiple insect taxa, biotic interactions and environmental factors are lacking for most biogeographical regions. ANDIV3 will use a unique natural forest gradient from 250-3350 m elevation in southern Peru, a global biodiversity hotspot, to study diversity patterns and biotic interactions of bees and wasps. Field observation and experiments on species richness, abundance, morphological and physiological traits, and mutualistic and antagonistic biotic interactions of bees and wasps will be combined with intense (meta)barcoding of functional groups, stored pollen and arthropod prey. Bee and wasp diversity, plant-pollinator and host-antagonist interactions will be studied with transect observations, traps nests and pan traps during the dry and wet season on 30 study sites. In cooperation with ANDIV4 the hidden interactions of bees and wasps with microbial communities will be assessed. The results will allow to test general hypotheses on the role of bottom up resource limitation, top-down control and interactive effects of temperature and precipitation as drivers of biodiversity patterns. Together with the other three ANDIV projects on moth, dung insects and microbial communities this project will allow integrative data analyses to improve the understanding of drivers of holometabolous insect diversity, community assembly, traits and interaction networks. ANDIV3 will foster knowledge transfer and scientific training through close collaboration with Peruvian counterpartners.